See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original was a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root meaning " to enclose ")  , a fastening, particularly one which consists of a See also:

• BOLT

bolt held in a certain position by one or more movable parts which require to be placed in definite positions by the aid of a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key or of a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret arrangement of letters, figures or signs, before the bolt can be moved . It is with such fastenings that the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article chiefly deals . The word is also used, in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original sense of an enclosure or barrier, for a length of See also:

• WATER

water in a See also:

• RIVER

river or See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, or at the entrance of a See also:

• DOCK

dock, enclosed at both ends by See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, the " See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock-gates," and fitted with sluices, to enable vessels to be raised from a See also:

• LOWER

lower to a higher level or See also:

• VICE

vice versa (see CANAL and DocK) . In guns and rifles the lock is the mechanism which effects the firing of the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge; it thus appears in the names of old types of weapons, such as See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel-lock, match-lock, See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint-lock (see ARMS AND See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

ARMOUR, § Firearms; also Guts and See also:

• RIFLE

RIFLE) . Lock (Ger . See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke) in the sense of a curl or tuft of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups in which the hair naturally grows, may be, in ultimate origin, connected with the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main word . Lock-See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw is the popular name of the disease known as See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

tetanus (q.v.) . The name Lock See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital " is frequently used in See also:

• ENGLISH

English for a hospital for patients suffering from venereal diseases . According to the New English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary there was in See also:

• SOUTHWARK

Southwark asearly as 1453 a leper-hospital, known as the Lock See also:

• LAZAR

Lazar See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, which later was used for the treatment of venereal diseases . The name appears to have become used in the present sense as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the end of the 17th ceqtury . Lock hospitals were established in See also:

• LONDON

London in 1745–1747 and in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin in 1754-1755 . The forms in which locks are manufactured, such as padlock, rim-lock, See also:

• MORTISE, or MORTICE (adapted from the Fr. mortaise; cf. Ital. mortise and Spanish mortaja; the origin is unknown; Celtic equivalents, such as Gaelic moirteis, are of French origin)

mortise-lock, one-sided or two-sided, &c., are necessarily extremely numerous; and the See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the details of construction of any one of these forms are still more numerous, so that it is impossible to do more here than describe the main types which have been or are in See also:

• COMMON

common use .

Probably the earliest locks were of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese origin . Specimens of these still extant are quite as secure as any locks manufactured in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe up to the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but it is impossible to ascertain the date of their manufacture . With the exception, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, of these Chinese examples, the earliest lock of which the construction is known is the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, which was used four thousandyears ago . In fig. r, aa is the See also:

• BODY

body of the lock, bb the bolt and cc the key . The three pins p, p, p drop into three holes in the bolt when it is pushed in, and so hold it fast; and they are raised again by putting in the key through the large d hole in the bolt and raising it a little, so that the pins in the key push the locking pins up out of the way of the bolt . It a was evidently to locks and keys of this nature that the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet alluded: " And the key of the house of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David will I See also:

• LAY

lay upon his See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder " (See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah xxii . 22), the word muftah used in this passage being the common word for key to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In the 18th century the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European lock was nothing better than a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere bolt, held in its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, either shut or open, by a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring b (fig . 2), which pressed it down, and so held it at either one end or the other of the See also:

• CONVEX

convex notch aa; and the only impediment to opening it was the wards which the key had to pass before it could turn in the keyhole . But it was always possible to find the shape of the wards by merely putting in a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank key covered with See also:

• WAX

wax, and pressing it against them; and when this had been done it was unnecessary to cut out the key into the complicated See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the wards (such as fig . 3), because no See also:

• PART

part of that key does any See also:

• WORK

work except the edge be farthest from the See also:

• PIPE

pipe a; and so a key of the form fig . 4 would do just as well .

Thus a small collection of See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton keys, as they are called, of a few different patterns, was all the stock in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade that a lock-picker required . The common single-See also:

• TUMBLER

tumbler lock (fig . 5) requires two operations instead of one to open it . The tumbler at turns on a See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot at t, and has a square See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin at a, which drops into a notch in the bolt bb, when it is either quite open or quite shut, and the tumbler must be lifted by the key before the bolt can be moved again . The tumbler offered little resistance to picking, as the height to which it might be lifted was not limited and the bolt would operate provided only that this height was sufficient; the improvement which formed the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• MODERN

modern key lock was the substitution of what is known as the " See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever " for the tumbler, the difference being that the lever must be lifted to exactly the right height to allow the bolt to pass .. This improvement, together with the obvious one of using more than one Lever lever, was introduced in 1778 by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Barron, and locks is illustrated in See also:

• FIGS

figs . 6 and 7 . Unless the square pin a (fig . 6) is lifted by the key to the proper height and no higher, the bolt cannot move . Fig . 8 illustrates the key of such a lock with four levers, the different distances between the centre of the key See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel and the edge of the See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit being adapted to lift the levers to the respective heights required . This lock differs from the b FIo .

I . modern lever lock only in the fact that Barron made his gating in the bolt and carried stumps on his levers, instead of having the main stump riveted into the bolt and the gatings in the levers as is the modern practice . A lock operating on exactly the same principle but entirely different in construction (fig . 9) was invented by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BRAMAH, JOSEPH (1748-1814)

Bramah in 1784 . It consists of an See also:

• OUTER

outer barrel See also:

• AAAA

aaaa, within which is a revolving barrel, cccc, held in place by a See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel disk, dd, and provided with a pin b fixed eccentrically for operating the bolt; the barrel is prevented from turning by See also:

• SHEET

sheet See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal sliders ss, which slide axially in radial grooves in the barrel and project into slots cut into the steel disk which is fastened to the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the lock . Each slider has a gating cut in its outer edge sufficiently deep to allow it to embrace the inwardly projecting steel See also:

• PLATE

plate and turn on it with the barrel . The key is of tubular form having slots cut in its end, each of a See also:

• DEPTH

depth corresponding to the position of the gating in one of the sliders; so that, on inserting the key, each slider is pushed in—against a spring—exactly far enough to bring its slot opposite the steel disk; in this position the barrel carrying the sliders is turned by the key and actuates the bolt . Up to 1851 it was generally believed that well-made lever locks of all types were practically unpickable, but at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Hobbs—an See also:

• AMERICAN

American—demonstrated, by picking the locks of Barron, See also:

• CHUBB, CHARLES (d. 1845)
• CHUBB, THOMAS (1679-1946)

Chubb, Bramah and others, that this belief was a See also:

• FALLACY (Lat. fall-ax, apt to mislead)

fallacy . The method of Hobbs became widely known as the " tickling " or " tentative " method . In the modern lever lock the bolt carries a projecting piece—the " main stump " —which, when the levers are all raised to the proper height, enters the slots—" gatings "—in their faces . If, when the levers are not in this position, pressure is applied to the bolt, the main stump will See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press against the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the levers; but owing to inaccuracies of workmanship and other causes the pressure will not be equal on all the levers . If now, the pressure on the bolt being maintained, each lever in turn is carefully raised a little, one will be found on which the pressure of the stump is greatest; this one is lifted till it becomes easy and then care-fully lowered till it is sustained by the pressure of the stump in a new position .

Another lever now bears the greatest pressure, and this in its turn is similarly treated . By this See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual or " tentative " See also:

• PROCESS

process the levers will in time all be raised to the correct height and the bolt will slip back without, if sufficient care has been exercised, any of the levers having been raised above its correct position . Although this method of picking only became generally known in 1851, it is evident that it was not novel, since in 1817 one of Bramah's workmen, named See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell, invented the use of false notches or gatings, which were slots similar to the true gating but of small depth cut in the face of the levers . Similar false gatings were used in See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony Radford See also:

• STRUTT, JEDEDIAH (1726-1797)

Strutt's lock in 1819 . The only possible See also:

• OBJECT

object of these gatings—two of which are shown in each of the sliders of Bramah's lock—was to prevent the tentative method of picking . They are, however, not efficient for their purpose although they render the operation more difficult and tedious . The best-known locks up to 1851 were those of See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah Chubb, their popularity being due to their See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior workmanship and probably still more to their See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " detector." His lock, patented in 1818, contained a See also:

• DEVICE

device intended to frustrate attempts at picking, and further to detect if such an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt had been made . This device, at any See also:

• RATE

rate as far as detecting was concerned, had been anticipated by the patent of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Ruxton in 1816 . Since the device only comes into operation when any lever is raised too high, it is not effective against a skilful application of the tentative method . The original form of this lock is shown in fig . Io, when the lever DT, which turns on a pin in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, Is acted upon at its end T by a Spring S, which will evidently allow some See also:

• PLAY

play to the lever on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the corner X; but the moment it is pushed past that point the spring will carry it farther in the same direction, like what is called in See also:

• CLOCK

clock-work a jumper . In its proper position that end always remains above the turning-point; but, if any one of the tumblers is raised too high, the other end D of the detector, which reaches over all the levers, is lifted so far that the end T is sent down below the corner, and the tooth T then falls into a notch in the bolt, and so prevents it from being See also:

• DRAWN

drawn back, even though all the levers are raised properly by the right key .

It thus at once becomes obvious that somebody has been trying to pick the lock . The way to open it, then, is to turn the key the other way, as if to overlock the bolt; a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short piece of gating near the end of the levers allows the bolt to advance just far enough to push the tooth of the detector up again by means of its inclination there, and then the lock can be opened as usual . To render the mechanism of locks more inaccessible for picking purposes, two devices, the " See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain " and. the " barrel," were in use; these devices were simply the one a disk and the other a See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder carrying a keyhole which revolved with the key and so closed the fixed keyhole in the case . It is to Hobbs himself that we are indebted for the invention of the movable stump, since called the safety lever, the only device introduced rendering the tentative method of picking inoperative . This invention was incorporated in the " See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector " locks of Hobbs, See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart & Co.; it consists in the employment of a movable main stump which is not riveted into the bolt as usual, but is set on the end b of a See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent lever See also:

• ABC

abc (fig. i1) which lies in a hollow of the bolt A behind it, turning on a pivot in the bolt itself, and kept steady by a small See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction-spring e . The stump comes through a hole in the bolt large enough to let it have a little play; and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long end a of the lever stands just above the edge of a square pin d, which is fixed in the back plate of the lock . When the lock is locked, if the bolt be pushed back, no sensible pressure on the levers is produced, but only just enough to turn this protector lever, as Hobbs called it, on its pivot c, and so bring down its end a in front of the square pin, and then the bolt can no more be pushed back than when held by Chubb's detector . The protector is set See also:

• FREE

free again by merely pushing the bolt forward with the key, without reference to the levers . However, the protector could be prevented from acting by a method used by the inventor himself for another purpose, viz., by pushing a piece of See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-spring through the keyhole, and F up behind the bolt, so as to reach the protector at a, and keep it up while the bolt was pushed back, or, again, by any two of the levers, and holding the end b of the protector with it, so as to press the stump against the levers . Both these devices, however, are prevented now by letting in a See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather FF in a groove between the bolt and the back of the lock, which no watch-spring can pass, and also bringing a piece of the feather forward through the front gating of the levers just under the stump . In this form the lock is safe against any mode of picking known . A lock possessing valuable features was invented in 1852 by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Beckett—afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• GRIMTHORPE, EDMUND BECKETT, 1ST BARON (1816–1905)

Grimthorpe—but did not come into See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use for commercial reasons .

All the locks containing many levers so far described have a common defect in that the levers are moved in one direction by the key and in the other by springs . But it not infrequently happens that dirt or grease gets between the levers and causes two or more to stick together, in which case one of them is lifted too high and the bolt is prevented from operating . To overcome this difficulty locks, especially those intended for See also:

• SAFES

safes, have been made so that alternate levers move in opposite directions, the key having two bits on opposite sides . This construction entails that the key enter the body of the levers instead of passing below them, an arrangement that had previously been in use to reduce the space into which See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder could be packed through the keyhole . The key locks chiefly used in English safes have been the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary lever lock with 6-8 or lo levers, Chubb's " detector," Hobbs 's Key locks, protector " or variants of these . In the Yale lock, which reverts in some degree to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptian lock, See also:

• AMERICA

America has produced one key lock which has come into almost universal use in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and is certainly worthy of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . The key of this lock, shown full See also:

• SIZE

size at ka in fig . 12, is remarkably small, being stamped from a piece of See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat steel and weighing only a small fraction of an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce . The barrel abc has to turn, as in the Bramah lock, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to move the bolt, which is not shown in the figure . That may be done either as in Bramah locks or by a See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue or bit attached to the end ab of the barrel as in several other locks . The barrel is prevented from being proper key, thus . The (apparently) five plugs with See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral springs over them in fig .

12 are really all divided at the See also:

• CROSS

cross See also:

• LINE

line bc, being all now lifted to the proper height by the key . Consequently the barrel abc can turn See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, as there is no plug either projecting from it or projecting into it . But when the key is out, all the plugs are pushed down by the springs, and so the upper ones descend into the barrel and hold it fast . And again, if any of the steps of a false key are too high, some of the lower plugs will be pushed up beyond the barrel into the holes above them, and so the barrel cannot turn . The bevelled end of the key near a enables it to be pushed in under the plugs, though with some friction and resistance . It is frequently convenient to have a number of different locks so arranged that, whilst each has its own individual,key, yet one See also:

• SPECIAL

special or " See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master " key will operate any of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . In warded locks this is done by " differing " the wards of the individual locks so that each key will only pass its own lock, and then filing away the bit of an extra key so that it will pass all the wards; the objection to this method is that any of the individual keys can easily be filed away and so form a master key . A better method, which meets this objection, consists in making all the levers except one—or if need be two—of each lock alike and cutting another gating or widening the gating in the differing levers, so as to pass the master key which has one—or two—special steps . The growth of safe deposits has called for special Iocks so that when a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box changes tenants the outgoing See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant's key shall be useless . In some cases the See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

loch has been taken off and another substituted, but this is a clu nsy makeshift now rarelyemployed, and has been superseded by the use of changeable key locks . The first of these, invented by Robert Newell in 1841, was introduced into See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain from America by Hobbs in 1851 . A simpler form, the construction of which is clearly shown by fig .

13, was brought out by Hobbs, Hart & Co, The bolt of this lock, instead of the ordinary main stump, carries a set of sliders, PPS, one corresponding to each lever and each carrying a See also:

• PROJECTION

projection S corresponding to a portion of the main stump . It will be seen that if any key having steps of certain lengths is inserted when the lock is unlocked and the bolt B thrown thereby, each slider will be raised to a height corresponding to that to which its lever is raised by the key, and the two fixed See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth CC will engage two of the teeth in the front of each slider, so that they will be held in place ready to enter the lever gatings when the same key is inserted . A changeable key lock introduced by the Chatwood Safe Co. has no gatings in the levers, whose fronts are cut with teeth gearing into similar teeth cut in a set of disks carrying the gatings . The disks are mounted on a See also:

• STUD

stud which can be moved by a key from the back of the lock in such a way that while the main stump is in the gatingskeeping the disks in position—the disks are carried forward out of See also:

• GEAR (connected with " garb," properly elegance, fashion, especially of dress, and with " gar," to cause to do, only found in Scottish and northern dialects; the root of the word is seen in the Old Tent. garwjan, to make ready)

gear with the levers; the key can then be removed and another having steps of suitable length inserted and turned so as to raise the levers, the disks being then brought back into gear . Both the above locks require that the key steps should have certain definite lengths corresponding to the teeth, but a later lock resembling to some extent that brought out by Hobbs, Hart & Co. has been introduced by the Chatwood Co., in which it is sufficient after unlocking the lock to See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

fife any of the key steps and so alter the See also:

• PATTERN

pattern of the key in any way . In this lock, which is illustrated in fig . 14, unlike all those that have been described, the levers are not pivoted but slide upon See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide stumps; the main stump is divided as in Hobbs Hart's lock, the various pieces being clamped together by a See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw to form a solid stump . The sliders composing the main stump are not provided with teeth, the changing being effected as follows: when I the bolt is partly shot by the correct key, the screw which binds the sliders together as it comes opposite an opening in the back of the case is loosened, the key is removed and altered--or a fresh key substituted—and is inserted so as to lift the levers to their correct height and expose the clamping screw at the back, which is then tightened . This lock is now commonly used for safe deposits, combined with a small lever lock of which the custodian carries the key, and which either blocks the bolt of the main lock or covers the keyhole . In connexion with changeable key locks requiring key steps of definite lengths, much ingenuity has been displayed in designing keys with movable bits or steps, as fig . 15, which are useful chiefly as duplicates, being built up to match the key from time to time in use, and then deposited in some See also:

• BANK

bank or other secure place to be used in case of emergency . From the very earliest times secret devices, either to hide keyholes or to take the place of locks proper, have been in use; these are to-day only seriously represented by " cour-Com t on ~ooks. bination " locks which, whilst following the same general principles as key locks, differ entirely in construction .

Locks in which the arranging of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal parts in their proper positions was secured by the manipulation of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external parts marked with letters or See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were common in See also:

• CHINA

China in very early times, but their See also:

• HISTORY

history is unfortunately lost . This form of lock has been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed to a very high degree of perfection and is, for safes, in almost universal use to-day in America . The American lock consists of a series of disks mounted upon one spindle, only one, however—the bolt disk—being fixed thereto, and provided each with a gating into which a stump connected with the bolt can drop when all the gatings See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie upon a given line parallel to the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the spindle . Each disk is provided with a See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving pin so arranged that it can impinge on and drive a similar pin in its next See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour; the gating in the bolt disk and the portion of the stump which enters it are so formed that the disk can draw the bolt back . The spindle is provided on the outside with a knob and graduated disk—usually with too divisions—surrounded by an annulus on which a fixed position is denoted . Each disk, including the bolt disk, is provided with a pin projecting from its See also:

• SURFACE

surface in such a way that the pin of one disk comes into contact with that of the next disk and drives it round . If, then, the bolt disk being at the back, there are three See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter disks and the spindle is rotated to the See also:

• LEFT

left, the bolt disk will in the course of one revolution pick up letter disk No . 1—counting from the bolt disk—in the second revolution it will pick up No . 2, and in the third No . 3, the revolution being continued for part of a turn till the number corresponding to the correct position of No . 3 is reached . The revolution of the spindle is now reversed .

The bolt disk leaves No. i in the first revolution and picks it up again, and the second revolution picks up No . 2 . The See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion is continued for part of a revolution till No . 2 is brought to the correct position (No . 3 obviously not being disturbed) and is then reversed . No. i is again left behind and picked up in the first revolution to the left, the motion being continued till the correct position of No i is reached, when, on reversal, the gating in the bolt disk comes into the correct position, the stump falls and a continuance of the motion to the right draws back the bolt . A lock constructed in this way would be of little utility, as the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination would have to be determined once for all by the maker . The difficulty is got over by making the letter disks in two parts, the inner part carrying the driving pin and the outer the gating; these two parts are locked together by small cams or other devices which come into such a position that they can be released with the help of a square key when the lock is unlocked . The combination is set by altering the position of the inner disks with the driving pins in relation to the outer part carrying the gatings which are meanwhile held steady by the square key . One See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the combination lock is that there is no key to be lost or stolen, but the means adopted by burglars, especially in America, are such that even this is not a perfect See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, cases having occurred in which a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person has been compelled to disclose the combination . With key locks the keyhole through the safe See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door forms a distinct point of danger, and with combination locks the spindle passing through the door may be attacked by See also:

• EXPLOSIVES

explosives . To obviate these two risks time locks were introduced in America and have been used in Europe .

Essentially the time lock consists of a high-class chronometer or watch See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, little liable to get out of order, driving a disk provided with a gating such that the bolt can only enter the gating during certain See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours; as a See also:

• RULE

rule two, three or four chronometers are used, any one of which can See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release the lock . The Yale time lock contains two chronometer movements which revolve two See also:

• DIAL

dial plates studded with twenty-four pins to represent the twenty-four hours of the day . These pins, when pushed in, form a track on which run rollers supporting the lever which secures the bolt or locking agency, but when they are drawn out the track is broken, the rollers fall down and the bolt is released . By pulling out the day pins, say from 9 till 4, the door is automatically prepared for opening between these hours, and at 4 it again of itself locks up . For keeping the repository closed over Sundays and holidays, a subsidiary segment or track is brought into play by which a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of twenty-four hours is added to the locked See also:

• INTERVAL

interval . Careful See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision is made against the eventuality of See also:

• RUNNING

running down or accidental stoppage of the clock motion, by which the rightful owner might be as seriously incommoded as the burglar . In the Yale lock, just before the chronometers run out, a trigger is released which depresses the lever by which the bolt is held in position . (A . B .