LOFOTEN AND VESTERAALEN  , a large and picturesque See also:

• GROUP

group of islands lying N.E. and S.W. off the N.W. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, between 67° 30' and 69° 20' N., and between 12° and 16° 35' E. forming See also:

• PART

part of the amt (See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) of Nordland . The extreme length of the group from Andenaes, at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Ando, to Rost, is about 150 m.; the aggregate See also:

• AREA

area about 156o sq. m . It is separated from the mainland by the Vestfjord, Tjaeldsund and Vaagsfjord, and is divided into two sections by the Raftsund between Hindo and Ost-Vaago . To the W. and S. of the Raftsund See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the Lofoten Islands proper, of which the most important are Ost-Vaago, Gimso, Vest-Vaago, Flakstado, Moskenaeso, Mosken, Varo and Rost; E. and N. of the Raftsund are the islands of Vesteraalen, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief being HindO, Ulvo, Lango, Skogso and Ando . The islands, which are all of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite or metamorphic See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, are precipitous and lofty . The highest points and finest scenery are found on Ost-Vaago, in the neighbourhood of the narrow, cliff-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound Raftsund and Troldfjord . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal peaks are Higrafstind (3811 ft.), Gjeitgaljartind (3555), Rulten (3483), the Noldtinder (3467), Svartsundtind (3506) . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LINE

line of jagged and fantastic peaks seen from the Vestfjord forms one of the most striking prospects on the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian coast, but still finer is the See also:

• PANORAMA (Gr. -rap, all, and opa,ua, view)

panorama from the Digermuler (115o ft.), embracing the islands, the Vest-See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord, and the mountains of the mainland . The channels which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the islands are narrow and tortuous, and generally of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEPTH

depth; they are remarkable for the strength of their tidal currents, particularly the Raftsund and the famous See also:

• MAELSTROM (whirlpool)

Maelstrom or Moskenstrom between Moskenaes and Mosken . The violent tempests which sweep over the Vestfjord, which is exposed to the S.V., are graphically described in See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas Lie's Den Fremsynte (187o) and in H . See also:

• SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

Schultze's Udvalgte Shriller (1883), as the Maelstrom is imaginatively by See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar See also:

• ALLAN, DAVID (1744–1796)
• ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810–1882)
• ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1850)

Allan See also:

• POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe . Though situated wholly within the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic circle, the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the Lofoten and Vesteraalen group is not rigorous when compared with that of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Norway .

The isothermal line which marks a mean See also:

• JANUARY

January temperature of 32° F. runs See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south from the Lofotens, passing a little to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen onward to See also:

• GOTHENBURG (Swed. Goteborg)

Gothenburg and See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen . The prevailing winds are from the S. and W., the mean temperature for the See also:

• YEAR

year is 38.5° F., and the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall is 43.34 in . In summer the hills have only patches of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, the snow limit being about 3000 ft . The natural pasture produced in favourable localities permits the rearing of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle to some extent; but the growth of cereals (chiefly See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, which here matures in ninety days) is insignificant . The islands yield no See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The characteristic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and an important source of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, is the See also:

• COD

cod See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery carried on along the east coast of the Lofotens in the Vestfjord in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . This employs about 40,000 men during the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season from all parts of Norway, the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population being then about doubled, and the surplus accommodated in temporary huts . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average yield is valued at about £35,000 . The See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish are taken in nets let down during the See also:

• NIGHT

night, or on lines upwards of a mile in length, or on See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-lines . The fishermen are paid in See also:

• CASH

cash, and large sums of See also:

• MONEY

money are sent to the islands by the Norwegian See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks each See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . Great loss of See also:

• LIFE

life is frequent during the sudden See also:

• LOCAL

local storms . The fish, which is dried during See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early summer, is exported to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (where it is known as bacalao), See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, &c .

See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries arising out of the fishery are the manufacture of cod-See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver oil and of artificial manure . The summer cod See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries and the See also:

• LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster fishery are also valuable . The See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring is taken in large quantities off thewest coasts of Vesteraalen, but is a somewhat capricious visitant . The islands contain no towns properly so called, but Kabelvaag on Ost-Vaago and Svolvaer on a few rocky islets off that See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island are considerable centres of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and (in the fishing season) of population; Lodingen also, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Vestfjord on Hindo, is much frequented as a See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call . A See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church existed at Vaagen (Kabelvaag) in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and here Hans See also:

• EGEDE, HANS (1686–1758)

Egede, the missionary of See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland, was pastor . There are factories for fish See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano at Henningvaer (Ost-Vaago), Kabelvaag, Svolvaer, Lodingen, and at Bretesnas on See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

Store Molla . See also:

• REGULAR

Regular means of communication are afforded by the steamers which trade between See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg or See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania and See also:

• HAMMERFEST

Hammerfest, and also by local vessels; less accessible spots can be visited by small boats, in the management of which the natives are adepts . There are some roads on Hindo, LangO, and Ando . The largest island in the group, and indeed in Norway, is Hindo; with an area of 86o sq. m . The south-eastern portion of it belongs to the amt of See also:

• TROMSO

Tromso . In the island of Ando there is a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of See also:

• COAL

coal at the mouth of Ramsaa .