See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM EDMOND See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• SIR WILLIAM EDMOND LOGAN (1798-1875)

LOGAN (1798-1875)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British geologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal on the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1798, of Scottish parents . He was educatea partly in Montreal, and subsequently at the High School and university of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, where See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• JAMESON (or JAMESONE), GEORGE (c. 1587–1644)
• JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL (1794-1860)
• JAMESON, LEANDER STARR (1853– )
• JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854)

Jameson did much to excite his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology . He was in a business See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• LONDON

London from 1817 to 183o . In 1831 he settled in See also:

• SWANSEA

Swansea to take See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a colliery and some See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-smelting See also:

• WORKS

works, and here his interest in geology found abundant See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope . He collected a See also:

• GREAT

great amount of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information respecting the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field; and his data, which he had depicted on the 1-in. See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance survey See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, were generously placed at the disposal of the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological survey under See also:

• SIR

Sir H . T. de la Beche and fully utilized . In 184o See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875)

Logan brought before the Geological Society of London his celebrated See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper " On the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the beds of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay lying immediately below the coal-seams of South Wales, and on the occurrence of coal-boulders in the See also:

• PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798)

Pennant Grit of that See also:

• DISTRICT

district." He then pointed out that each coal-seam rests on an under-clay with rootlets of Stigmaria, and he expressed his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the under-clay was the old See also:

• SOIL

soil in which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew the See also:

• PLANTS

plants from which the coal was formed . To confirm this observation he visited See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1841 and examined the coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia, where he found the under-clay almost invariably See also:

• PRESENT

present beneath the seams of coal . In 1842 he was appointed to take charge of the newly established geological survey in See also:

• CANADA

Canada, and he continued as director until 1869 . During the earlier years of the survey he had many difficulties to surmount and privations to undergo, but the See also:

• WORK

work was carried on with great tact and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, and he spared no pains to make his reports trustworthy . He described the Laurentian rocks of the Laurentian mountains in Canada and of the See also:

• ADIRONDACKS

Adirondacks in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, poinling out that they comprised an immense See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of crystalline rocks, See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, See also:

• MICA

mica-schist, See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, more than 30,000 ft. in thickness . The series was rightly recognized as representing the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest type of rocks on the globe, but it is now known to be a complex of highly altered sedimentary and intrusive rocks; and the supposed oldest known fossil, the Eozoon described by Sir J .

W . See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson, I See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord) See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts . F.R.S. in 1851, and in 1856 was knighted . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he was awarded the See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal by the Geological Society of London for his researches on the coal-strata, and for his excellent geological map of Canada . After his retirement in 1869, he returned to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and eventually settled in South Wales . He died at See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle Malgwyn in See also:

• PEMBROKESHIRE (Sir Benfro, Dyfed)

Pembrokeshire, on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1875 . See the See also:

• LIFE

Life, by B . J . See also:

• HARRINGTON
• HARRINGTON, EARLS OF
• HARRINGTON, or HARINGTON, JAMES (16'1-'677)

Harrington (1883) . (H . B .