LOGWOOD (so called from the

See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which it is imported)  , the heart-wood of a leguminous tree, Haematoxylon campechianum, native of Central America, and grown also in the West Indian Islands . The tree attains a height not exceeding 40 ft., and is said to be ready for felling when about ten years old . The wood, deprived of its bark and the sap-wood, is sent into the market in the form of large blocks and billets . It is very hard and dense, and externally has a dark brownish-red colour; but it is less deeply coloured within . The best qualities come from Campeachy, but it is obtained there only in small quantity . Logwood is used in dyeing (q.v.), in microscopy, in the preparation of ink, and to a small extent in medicine on account of the tannic acid it contains, though it has no special medicinal value, being much inferior to kino and catechu . The wood was introduced into Europe as a dyeing substance soon after the discovery of America, but from 1581 to 166a its use in England was prohibited by legislative enactment on account of the inferior dyes which at first were produced by its employment . The colouring principle of logwood exists in the timber in the form of a glucoside, from which it is liberated as haematoxylin by fermentation . Hacmatoxylin, C16H,406, was isolated by M . E . Chevreul in 181o . It fonns a crystalline hydrate, C,6l-11406+3H20, which is a colourless body very sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolving freely in hot water and in alcohol .

By exposure to the

air, especially in alkaline solutions, haematoxylin is rapidly oxidized into haematcin, C16H12O6, with the development of a fine purple colour . This re-action of haematoxylin is exceedingly rapid and delicate, rendering that body a laboratory test for alkalis . By the action of hydrogen and sulphurous acid, haematcin is easily reduced to haematoxylin . It is chemically related to brazilin, found in brazil-wood . Haematoxylin and brazilin, and also their oxidation products, haematin and brazilin, have been elucidated by W . H . Perkin and his pupils (see Jour . Chem . Soc., 1908, 1909) . LOBAR%, a native state of India, in the south-east corner of the Punjab, between Hissar district and Rajputana . Area, 222 sq. m.; pop . (1901) 15,229; estimated gross revenue, 4800 .

The

chief, whose title is nawab, is a Mahommedan, of Afghan descent . The nawab Sir Amir-ud-din-Ahmad Khan, K.C.I.E., who is a member of the viceroy's legislative council, was until 1905 administrator and adviser of the state of Malec Kotla . The town of Loharu had a population in tool of 2175 .