See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary rejects the derivation from See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian lag, a fallen See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree)  , a large piece of, generally unhewn, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The word is also used in various 'figurative senses, and more particularly for the " nautical See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log," an apparatus for ascertaining the See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of See also:

• SHIPS

ships . Its employment in this sense depends on the fact that a piece of wood attached to a See also:

• LINE

line was thrown overboard to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie like a log in a fixed position, motionless, the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel's speed being calculated by observing what length of line ran out in a given See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (" See also:

• COMMON

common log ") ; and the word has been retained for the See also:

• MODERN

modern " patent " or " continuous " log, though it See also:

• WORKS

works in an entirely different manner . The origin of the " common log " is obscure, but the beginnings of the " continuous log " may be traced back to the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . By an invention probably due to Humfray See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

Cole and published in 1578 by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne in his Inventions and Devices, it was proposed to See also:

• REGISTER

register a See also:

• SHIP

ship's .speed by means of a " little small See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat," with a See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, or wheels, and an See also:

• AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

axle-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree to turn clockwork in the little boat, with dials and pointers indicating fathoms, leagues, scores of leagues and hundreds of leagues . About 1668 Dr R . See also:

• HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703)

Hooke showed some members of the Royal Society an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for the same purpose, depending on a See also:

• VANE (formerly spelt " fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Feline, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wellerfahne)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1589-1654)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1613-1662)

vane or See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly which rotated as the vessel progressed (See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

Birch, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Royal Society, iv . 231), and See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton in 1715 reported unfavourably on the " marine surveyor " of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry de See also:

• SAUMAREZ, JAMES SAUMAREZ

Saumarez, which also depended on a rotator . Conradus Mel in his Antiquarius Sacer (1719) described a " pantometron nauticum " which he claimed would show without calculation the distance sailed by the ship; and J . See also:

• SMEATON, JOHN (1724–1792)

Smeaton in 1754 published improvements on the apparatus of Saumarez . William Foxon of See also:

• DEPTFORD

Deptford in 1772, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Guerimand of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex in 1776 (by his " marine perambulator "), and R . H .

See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower in 1772, practically demonstrated the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of a vessel's speed z in. thick, with a See also:

• RADIUS

radius of 5 or 6 in., the circumference of which is weighted with See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to keep it upright and retard its passage through the See also:

• WATER

water . Two holes are made near its See also:

• LOWER

lower angles . One end of a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short piece of thin line is passed through one of these holes, and knotted; the other end has spliced to it a hard See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone peg which is inserted in the other hole . The holes are so placed that the log-ship will hang square from the span thus formed . The log-line is secured to this span and consists of two parts . The portion nearest the log-ship is known as the "'stray line "; its length varies from to to 20 fathoms, but should be sufficient to ensure that the log-ship shall be outside the dis- turbing See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of the ship's See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

wake . The point where it joins the other See also:

• PART

part is marked by a piece of See also:

• BUNTING
• BUNTING (a word of doubtful origin, possibly connected with bunt, to sift, or with the Ger. bunt, of varied colour)
• BUNTING, J
• BUNTING, JABEZ (1779-1858)

bunting, and the line from this point towards its other end is marked at known intervals with " knots," which consist of pieces of See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord worked in between its strands . A mean degree of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian being assumed to be 69.0q See also:

• STATUTE

statute See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of 528o ft., the nautical mile (4 degree) is taken as 6o8o ft., which is a sufficiently close approximation for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes, and the distances between the knots are made to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the same relation to 6o8o ft. as 28 seconds to an See also:

• HOUR

hour (3600 seconds) ; that is, they are placed at intervals of 47 ft . 3 in . The end of the first See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of this length (counting from the piece of bunting) is marked by a See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, the second by a cord with two knots, the third by one with three knots, and so on; the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of each of these lengths (See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot) is also marked by a cord with one knot . It follows that, if, say, five knots of the line run out in 28 seconds, the ship has gone 5X471 ft. in that time, or is moving at the See also:

• RATE

rate of 5 X 6o8o ft . (=five nautical miles) an hour; hence the common use of knot as See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to a nautical mile .

In the log-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass the time is measured by See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, which, however, is See also:

• APT

apt to be affected by the humidity of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . Sometimes a 3o-second glass is used instead of a 28-second one, and the intervals between the knots on the log-line are then made 50 ft . 7 in, instead of 47 ft . 3 in . For speeds over six knots a 14-second glass is employed, and the speed indicated by the log-line is doubled . The log-line, after being well soaked, stretched and marked with knots, is See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound uniformly on the log-See also:

• REEL (O.E. hreol, glossed by the Med. Lat. alibrum in .lelfric's Glossary, c. 1o5o; the word is of unknown origin; it does not appear in cognate languages, and Celtic forms such as Gaelic ruidhil are from English)

reel, to which its inner end is securely fastened . To " heave the log," a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man holds the log-reel over his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head (at high speeds the man and portable reel are superseded by a fixed reel and a winch fitted with a See also:

• BRAKE

brake), and the officer places the peg in the log-ship, which he then throws clear and to windward of the ship, allowing the line to run freely out . When the bunting at the end of the stray line passes his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he calls to his assistant to turn the glass, and allows the line to pay out freely . When all the sand has run through, the assistant calls " Stop ! " when the log-line is quickly nipped, the knots counted, and the inter-mediate portion estimated . The See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain on the log-ship when the log-line is nipped, causes the peg to be withdrawn from it, and the log-ship is readily hauled in . In normal circumstances the log is See also:

• HOVE

hove every hour .

In a See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam vessel running at high speed on an ocean route, with engines working smoothly and uniformly, a careful officer with correct line and glass can obtain very accurate results with the common log . Ground Log.—In the deltas of shoal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, with a strong See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide or current and no See also:

• LAND

land visible, a 5 lb lead is substituted for the log-ship; the lead rests on the bottom, and the speed is obtained in a manner similar to that previously described . Such a " ground-log " indicates the actual speed over the ground, and in addition, when the log-line is being hauled in, it will show the real course the ship is making over the ground . Patent Log.—The See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw or rotatory log of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• MASSEY, GERALD (1828-r9o7)
• MASSEY, SIR EDWARD (c. 1619-c. 1674)

Massey, invented in 1802, came into gen'ral use in 1836 and continued until 1861 . The re- gistering wheel-See also:

• WORK

work was contained in a shallow rectangular See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box (fig . 2); with a FIG . 2 . See also:

• FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float See also:

• PLATE

plate on its upper See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, carrying three indicating dials, recording respectively fractions, See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units and tens of miles (up to a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred) . The rotator was connected to the log by a rope 6 ft. in length, actuating a universal See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint on the first spindle of the register; it consisted of an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-tight thin See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube with a coned fore-end, carrying See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat metal vanes set at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain in 1846 suggested enclosing the wheelwork in the rotator . In See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker's See also:

• HARPOON (from Fr. harpon, a grappling-iron, O. Fr. harpy, a dog's claw, an iron clamp for fastening stones together; the source of these words is the Lat. harpago, harpa, &c., formed from Gr. apaayit, hook, apsrh c , to snatch, tear away, cf. " harpy ")

harpoon or frictionless log, introduced in 1861, the wheelwork was enclosed in a cylindrical See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the same See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter as the See also:

• BODY

body of the rotator or See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan, and the latter was brought close up to the register, forming a com- pact See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine and avoid- See also:

• ING

ing the use of the 6-ft. line . Two years later a See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-shaped float plate was attached to the case; and the log called the Al Harpoon ship log (fig .

3) . The log should be washed in fresh water when practicable, to prevent oxidization of the wheels, and be lubricated with suitable oil through a hole in the case . These logs were towed from the ship, but with See also:

• QUICK

quick passages and well surveyed coasts, the need arose for a patent log which could be readily consulted from the See also:

• DECK

deck, and from which the distance run under varying speeds could be quickly ascertained . To meet this requirement, Walker in 1878 introduced the Cherub by See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical means . See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount de See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux in 18o7 made use of water-pressure, as did the Rev . E . L . See also:

• BERTHON, EDWARD LYON (1813-1899)

Berthon in 1849, and C . E . Kelway invented an See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical log in 1876 . Common Log.—To ascertain the ship's speed by the common log four articles are necessary—a log-ship or log-chip, log-reel, log-line and log-glass . The log-ship (fig .

1) is a wooden quadrant log (fig . 4), a taffrail one, which, however, is not as a See also:

• RULE

rule used for register on the taffrail to be recorded in the See also:

• CHART (from Lat. carta, charta, a map)

chart See also:

• ROOM

room or any other speeds over r8 knots . Owing to the increased See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction produced part of the vessel as desired, a chart room electric register has been introduced . By means of an electric See also:

• INSTALLATION

installation between the log by a rotator making approximately 90o revolutions per mile, register aft and the electric register in the chart room, every tenth of towed at the end of a line varying from 4o fathoms for a 12-knot a mile indicated by the former is recorded by the latter . Walker's See also:

• ROCKET

Rocket log (fig. to) is a taffrail one, with See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings of hardened See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, and is intended to be slung or secured. tb the taffrail by aline; the mbar pat-See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

tern has a fitting for the deck . In taff See also:

• RAIL

rail logs, the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the line owing to its length becomes spasmodic and jerky, increasing the vibration and friction; to ob- viate this a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor or fly-wheel is introduced, the See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook of the See also:

• TOW

tow line K (fig . II) and the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of the register M being attached to the governor . Fig . 11 represents the arrangement fitted to the See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune log ; with the Cherub log, a small piece of line is in- troduced between the FIG . 7.—See also:

• DIAL

Dial-plate of Neptune Log. governor and the eye of- the register . The two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• AMERICAN

American taff rail logs are the See also:

• NEGUS

Negus and See also:

• BLISS, CORNELIUS NEWTON (1833– )

Bliss (Messrs Norie and See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson) . The former bears a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general resemblance to the Cherub" log, but the dial plate is See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal and the faces turn upwards .

The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft bearings are in two sets and composed of steel balls running in steel cones and cups; the governor is an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod about 16 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, with I in. balls at the extremities . The Bliss resembles the Rocket log in shape, and is secured to the taffrail by a rope or slung . A governor is not employed . The See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades of the rotator are adjustable, being fitted into its tube or body by slits and holes and then soldered . The See also:

• OUTER

outer ends of the blades are slit (fig . 12) to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form two See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues, and with the wrench (fig . 12) the angle of the See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch can be altered . All patent logs have errors, the amounts of which should be ascertained by See also:

• SHORE

shore observations when passing a well surveyed See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in tideless See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters on a See also:

• CALM

calm See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant use, increased friction (more especially at high speeds), and damage to the rotator will alter an ascertained log See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error; head or following seas, strong winds, currents and tidal streams also affect the correctness . FIG . 8.—See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

Ball Bearings of Neptune Log . A Log See also:

• BOOK

Book is a marine or See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal; containing, in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVY

navy, the speed, course, leeway, direction and force of the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and barometric and thermometric observations .

Under the heading " Remarks " are noted (for K vessels with See also:

• SAIL

sail See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power) making, shorten- ing and trimming sails; and (for all G' ships) employment of See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew, times of passing prominent landmarks, altering of course, and any subject of See also:

• INTEREST

interest and in See also:

• SKELETON

Skeleton Case . FIG . Io.—Rocket Log . importance . The deck log book, kept by the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch, is copied into the ship's log book by the navigating II Rotator . F speed to 6o fathoms for 20 knots, the pull of the line and rotator is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by coned rollers, having• their outlines tapering to a common point in their rotation, thus giving a broad See also:

• ROLLING

rolling See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Strong See also:

• WORMS

worms and wheels are substituted for the See also:

• LIGHT

light clockwork . In fig . 4 the See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe H is secured to the taffrail, and the rotator in the water is hooked to the eye of the spindle M by the hook D . The case A contains the registering wheelwork and a See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell . The half See also:

• GIMBAL

gimbal B pivoting in the socket of the See also:

• BASE

base C allows the register to receive the strain in the See also:

• DIRECT

direct line . The bearings and rollers are lubricated with See also:

• CASTOR

castor oil every twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours through holes in the sliding case E, and can be examined by unscrewing the case E and the eye M .

When not in use, the register is removed from the shoe by lifting a small screw See also:

• BUTTON (Fr. bouton, O. Fr. boton, apparently from the same root as bouter, to push)

button near C . The tow line is usually plaited, and to avoid a knot close to the rotator, the latter is secured to the former by a knot inside an See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg-shaped See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell (fig . 5, Neptune See also:

• PATTERN

pattern) . Walker's Neptune log (fig . 6) is used for vessels of high speed . Case A contains the wheelwork, and case E the spindle and steel ball bearings; in each case are openings, closed by sliding tubes, for examination and See also:

• LUBRICATION

lubrication . In fig . 6 the cases A and E are shown open . Fig . 7 shows the dial plate . In fig . 8 the ball bearings are shown unscrewed from the body of the log, with eye, cap and spindle .

They consist of two rows of balls rolling in two pairs of V races or grooves . The outer pair receive the strain of the rotator, and the inner are for See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment and to prevent lateral movement . The balls and races are enclosed in a skeleton cage (fig . 9) unscrewing from the cap F (fig . 6) for cleaning or renewal; the adjustment of the bearings is made by screwing up the cage cap b, locked by a See also:

• SPECIAL

special washer and the two screws a, a (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 8, 9) . If the outer races become worn, the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete cage and bearings are reversed; the strain of the line is then transferred to what had previously been the inner with practically unworn balls and races . It is for this purpose that the skeleton cage is screwed internally at both ends, fitting a screwed See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring inside the cap F (fig . 6) . To enable the indications of the log officer, and the latter is an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official journal . In steam vessels a rough and See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine room register are kept, giving See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information with regard to the engines and boilers . In the British See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine all ships (except those employed exclusively in trading between ports on the coasts of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland) are compelled to keep an official log book in a form approved by the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade .

A See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate's log book and engine room register are not compulsory, but are usually kept .