2ND See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

MARQUESS OF See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

STEWART See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• 2ND MARQUESS OF ROBERT STEWART LONDONDERRY (1769-1822)

LONDONDERRY (1769-1822)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British statesman, was the eldest son of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart of Ballylawn See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, in See also:

• DONEGAL

Donegal, and See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Stewart in Down, an See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster landowner, of See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin to the See also:

• GALLOWAY
• GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)
• GALLOWAY, THOMAS (1796-1851)

Galloway Stewarts, who became See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount, See also:

• EARL

earl and See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess in the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . The son, known in See also:

• HISTORY

history as See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Castlereagh, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 18th of See also:

• JUNE

June in the same See also:

• YEAR

year as See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon and See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Sarah See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour, daughter of the earl of See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford . He went from See also:

• ARMAGH

Armagh school to St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, but See also:

• LEFT

left at the end of his first year . With Lord See also:

• DOWNSHIRE, WILLS HILL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1718-1793)

Downshire, then holding sway over the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County Down, Lord Stewart had a See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• FEUD

feud, and he put forward his son, in See also:

• JULY

July 1790, for one of the seats . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young Stewart was returned, but at a vast cost to his See also:

• FAMILY

family, when he was barely twenty-one . He took his seat in the Irish See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as his friend, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley, M.P. for See also:

• TRIM

Trim, but sat later for two See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close boroughs in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, still remaining member for Down at College See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green . From 1796, when his See also:

• FATHER

father became an earl, he took the See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Viscount Castlereagh, and becoming keeper of the privy See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal in Ireland, he acted as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief secretary, during the prolonged See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of Mr See also:

• PELHAM
• PELHAM, HENRY (1696-1754)
• PELHAM, HENRY FRANCIS (1846-1907)

Pelham, from See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1797 . Castlereagh's conviction was that, in presence of threatened invasion and See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, Ireland could only be made safe by See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . In Lord See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden, as afterwards in Lord See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis, Castlereagh found a congenial chief; though his favour with these statesmen was jealously viewed both by the Irish See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy and by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English politicians who wished to keep the See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine of Irish See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in their own hands . See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt himself was doubtful of the expediency of making an Irishman chief secretary, but his view was changed by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Cornwallis . In suppressing Lord See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald's See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, and the rebellion which followed in 1798, Castlereagh's vigilance and firmness were invaluable .

His administration was denounced by a See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction as harsh and cruel—a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge after-wards repudiated by See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan and See also:

• PLUNKET, OLIVER (1629—1681)
• PLUNKET, WILLIAM CONYNGHAM PLUNKET, 1ST BARON (1764—1854)

Plunket—but he was always on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of lenity . The disloyal in Ireland, both See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins and See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest-led, the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant zealots and others who feared the consequence of the Union, coalesced against him in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin . Even there Castlereagh, though defeated in a first See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign (1799), impressed Pitt with his ability and tact . With Cornwallis he joined in holding out, during the second Union campaign (1800), the prospect of emancipation to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics . They were aided by See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of See also:

• MONEY

money and promises of honours, methods too See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in Irish politics . When the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Union was carried through the Irish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, in the summer of 1800, Castlereagh's See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official connexion with his native See also:

• LAND

land practically ended . Before the Imperial Parliament met he urged upon Pitt the See also:

• MEASURES

measures which he and Cornwallis thought requisite to make the Union effective . In spite of his services and of Pitt's support, disillusion awaited him . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's reluctance to yield to the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic claims was under-estimated by Pitt, while Cornwallis imprudently permitted himself to use See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language which, though not amounting to a See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge, was construed as one . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. resented the arguments brought forward by Castlereagh—" this young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man " who had come over to talk him out of his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath . He peremptorily refused to See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction emancipation, and Pitt and his See also:

• CABINET

cabinet made way for the Addington administration . Thereupon Castlereagh resigned, with Cornwallis .

He took his seat at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster for Down, the See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency he had represented for ten years in Dublin . The leadership of an Irish party wasoffered to him, but he declined so to limit his See also:

• POLITICAL

political activity . His father accepted, at See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, an Irish marquessate, on the understanding that in the future he or his heirs might claim the same See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the Imperial Legislature; so that Castlereagh was able to sit in the House of Commons as Marquess in 1821–1822 . See also:

• WILBERFORCE, ROBERT ISAAC (1802-18J7)
• WILBERFORCE, SAMUEL (1805-1873)
• WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM (1759—1833)

Wilberforce discussed with Pitt the possibility of sending out Castlereagh to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, when the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction between Lord Wellesley and the See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors became See also:

• GRAVE

grave; but Pitt objected, as the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan would remove Castlereagh from the House of Commons, which should be " the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of his future fame." In 1802, Castlereagh, at Pitt's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

Control in the Addington cabinet . He had, though not in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, taken charge of Irish measures under Addington, including the repression of the Rebellion See also:

• BILL

Bill, and the temporary suspension of the Habeas Corpus in x8ox, and continued to See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate Catholic See also:

• RELIEF

relief, tithe reform, See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of Catholic and dissenting See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and " the steady application of authority in support of the See also:

• LAWS

laws." To Lord Wellesley's See also:

• INDIAN

Indian policy he gave a staunch support, warmly recognized by the governor-general . On Pitt's return to office (May x804), Castlereagh retained his See also:

• POST

post, and, next year, took over also the duties of secretary for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and the colonies . Socially and politically, the gifts of his wife, Lady Emily See also:

• HOBART
• HOBART, GARRET AUGUSTUS (1844–1899)
• HOBART, JOHN HENRY (1775-1830)

Hobart, daughter of a former Irish See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy, whom he had married in 1794, assisted him to make his house a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the party; and his influence in parliament See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew notwithstanding his defects of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, spoken and written . As a manager of men he had no equal . After Pitt's See also:

• DEATH

death his surviving colleagues failed to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a cabinet strong enough to See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the formidable See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination known as " All the Talents," and Castlereagh acquiesced in the resignation . But to the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy of the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox-Greville See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry and its conduct of the war he was always opposed . His objections to the Whig See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of withdrawal from " See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental entanglements " and to the reduction of military expenditure were justified when Fox himself was compelled " to See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours to the See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast." The cabinet of " All the Talents," weakened by the death of Fox and the renewed See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the king, went out in See also:

• APRIL

April 1807 . Castlereagh returned to the War Office under Portland, but grave difficulties arose, though See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning at the Foreign Office was then thoroughly at one with him .

A priceless opportunity had been missed after See also:

• EYLAU (Preussisch-Eylau)

Eylau . The Whigs had crippled the transport service, and the operations to avert the ruin of the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition at See also:

• FRIEDLAND

Friedland came too See also:

• LATE

late . The See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander believed that England would no longer concern herself with the Continental struggle, and Friedland was followed by See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit . The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret articles of that compact, denied at the time by the Opposition and by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French apologists, have now been revealed from official records in M . Vandal's See also:

• WORK

work, Napoleon et See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre . Castlereagh and Canning saw the vital importance of nullifying the aim of this project . The seizure of the Danish See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, and the measures taken to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue the fleets of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden from Napoleon, crushed a combination as menacing as that defeated at See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar . The expedition to Portugal, though Castlereagh's influence was able only to secure Arthur Wellesley a secondary See also:

• PART

part at first, soon dwarfed other issues . In the debates on the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention of See also:

• CINTRA

Cintra, Castlereagh defended Wellesley against See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary attacks: " A See also:

• BROTHER

brother," the Iatter wrote, " could not have done more." The depression produced by See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore's campaign in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and the king's repugnance to the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular operations, seemed to cut See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short Wellesley's career; but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1809, Castlereagh, with no little difficulty, secured his friend's See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-inchief of the second Portuguese expedition . The merit has been claimed for Canning by Stapleton, but the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is all the other way . Meanwhile, Castlereagh's policy led to a crisis that clouded his own fortunes . The See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between him and Canning was not due to his incompetence in the conduct of the Walcheren expedition .

In fact, Castlereagh's ejection was decided by Canning's intrigues, though concealed from the victim, months before the armament was sent out to the See also:

• SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde)

Scheldt . In the selection of the earl of See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham as commander the king's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal preference was known, but there is evidence also that it was one of Canning's schemes, as he reckoned, if Chatham succeeded, on turning him into a convenient ministerial figurehead . Canning was not openly opposed to the Walcheren expedition, and on the Peninsular question he mainly differed from Castlereagh and Wellington in fixing his hopes on See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm and popular uprisings . Military See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is generally agreed that the plan of striking from Walcheren at See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, the French See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• BASE

base, was See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound . Napoleon heard the See also:

• NEWS

news with dismay; in principle Wellington approved the plan . Castlereagh's proposal was for a coup de See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, under strict conditions of celerity and secrecy, as Antwerp was unable to make any adequate See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . But Chatham, the naval authorities and the cabinet proceeded with a deliberation explained by the fact that the war secretary had been condemned in secret . The expedition, planned at the end of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, did not reach Walcheren till the end of July 18og; and more time was lost in movements against Batz and See also:

• FLUSHING
• FLUSHING (Dutch Vlissingen)

Flushing, protracted until an unhealthy autumn prostrated the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, which was withdrawn, discredited and disabled, in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Public opinion threw the whole blame upon Castlereagh, who then found that, in deference to Canning, his colleagues had decreed his removal See also:

• HALF

half a year earlier, though they kept silence till the troops were brought back from Walcheren . When Castlereagh learned from See also:

• PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES

Percival that the slur See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast on him had its origin in a secret attack on him many months before, he was cruelly hurt . The main charge against him was, he says, that he would not throw over See also:

• OFFICERS

officers on whom unpopularity See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, at the first See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . His refusal to See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush into censure of Moore, following Canning's sudden See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from eulogy to denunciation, requires no defence .

According to the ideas then prevailing Castlereagh held himself justified in sending a See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original author, as he held, of a disloyal intrigue against a See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col-See also:

• LEAGUE

league . In the subsequent See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel Canning was wounded and the rivals simultaneously resigned . In private letters to his father and brother, Castlereagh urged that he was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to show that he " was not privy to his own disgrace." When Canning published, a lengthy explanation of his conduct, many who had sided with him were convinced that Castlereagh had been much wronged . The excuse that the protest upon which the cabinet decided against Castlereagh did not mention the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister's name was regarded as a quibble . Men widely differing in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and opinions—See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham and See also:

• COBBETT, WILLIAM (1766-1835)

Cobbett—took this view . Castlereagh loyally supported the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in parliament, after Lord Wellesley's appointment to the Foreign Office . Though Wellington's See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat after Talavera had been included, with the disasters of the See also:

• CORUNNA
• CORUNNA (Span. La Coruna; Fr. La Corogne; Eng. formerly often The Groyne)

Corunna and Walcheren See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, in the censures on Castlereagh, and though ministers were often depressed and doubtful, Castlereagh never lost faith in Wellington's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . Lord Wellesley's resignation in 1812, when the Whigs failed to come to terms with the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, led to Castlereagh's return to office as foreign secretary (March 1812) . The assassination of Percival soon threw upon him the leadership of the House of Commons, and this See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden he continued to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear during the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life . From March 1812 to July 1822 Castlereagh's See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography is, in truth, the history of England . Though never technically See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister, during these years he wielded a See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power such as few ministers have exercised . Political, opponents and personal illwishers admitted that he was the ablest See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader who ever See also:

• CON

con-trolled the House of Commons for so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period .

As a diplomatist, nobody See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough had the same influence over men or was given equal freedom by his colleagues at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Foreigners saw in him the living presence of England in the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies . At the War Office he had been hampered by the lack of technical knowledge, while nature had not granted him, as an organizer, the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of a See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot or See also:

• ROON, ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL, COUNT VON (18o3-1879)

Roon . But in See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy his See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar combination of strength and See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm, of See also:

• PATIENCE

patience and conciliatory adroitness, was acknowledged by all . At the Foreign Office he set himself at once to meet Napoleon's designs in northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, where See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia was preparing for her lifeand-death struggle . Lord Wellesley paid a high See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to Castlereagh's conduct in this situation, and Wellington declared that he had then " rendered to the See also:

• WORLD

world the most important service that ever fell to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of any individual to perform." Castlereagh wisely rejected Napoleon's insincere overtures for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . After the See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow debacle Napoleon's See also:

• FATE

fate was affected not only by Wellington's progress in Spain, but by the attitude of the northern powers and by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, due to Castlereagh's opportune disclosure to the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte of the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

• PARTITION

partition at Tilsit . At home, the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the Orders in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council was carried, the damage'to British See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade plainly out-weighing the injury inflicted on See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by the restrictive See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The British subsidies to the Allies were largely increased as the operations of 1813 See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, but all Castlereagh's skill was needed to keep the Coalition together . The Allied powers were willing, even after See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, to treat with France on the basis of restoring her " natural frontiers "—the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, the See also:

• ALPS

Alps and the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees; but Castlereagh protested . He would not allow the enemy to take ground for another See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger-See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . Before the See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference of See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, where Napoleon sent See also:

• CAULAINCOURT, ARMAND AUGUSTIN LOUIS, MARQUIS DE (1773-1827)

Caulaincourt to negotiate for peace—with the See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message scribbled on the margin of his instructions, " Ne signez rien "—See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen wrote to hasten Castlereagh's coming: " Everything which has been so long smothered is now bursting forth "; and again, " Your presence has done much and would, I have no doubt, continue to sustain them (the Allies) in misfortune." The See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool cabinet then. and later were as urgent in pressing him to return to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the House of Commons .

He had lost his seat for Down in 18os, and afterwards sat for British boroughs; but in 1812 he was re-elected by his old constituents; and again in 1818 and 182o, sitting, after he became marquess of See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry in 1821, for See also:

• ORFORD
• ORFORD, EDWARD RUSSELL, EARL OF (1653-1727)
• ORFORD, ROBERT WALPOLE, 1ST EARL OF (1676-1745)

Orford . Early in 1814 his colleagues reluctantly consented to his visit to the allied See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-quarters . The Great See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance showed signs of weakness and See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria was holding back; See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia had almost broken away; above all, the ambiguous conduct of Alexander bred alarm and doubt . This situation became increasingly serious while Napoleon was giving daily proofs that his military genius, confronting a hesitant and, divided enemy, was at its best . Castlereagh strove to keep the Allies together, to give no excuse for those See also:

• SEPARATE

separate arrangements upon which Napoleon was reckoning, to assert no selfish policy for England, to be tied by no theoretical consistency . At the Chatillon conferences England was represented by others, but Castlereagh was See also:

• PRESENT

present with supreme authority over all, and it was he who determined the result . He declined to commit his country either to a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank refusal to negotiate with Napoleon or to the advocacy of a See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon restoration . He was ready to give up almost the whole of England's conquests, but he insisted on the return of France within her See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient limits as the basis of a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . Caulaincourt's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice was to take See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of these overtures; but his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master was not to be advised . The See also:

• COUNTER

counter-projects that he urged Caulaincourt to submit to were advanced after his victory at See also:

• MONTEREAU

Montereau, when he boasted that he was nearer to See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich than the Allies were to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Even before the Chatillon conference was dissolved (March 18th), Castlereagh saw that Caulaincourt's efforts would never See also:

• BEND

bend Napoleon's will .

The Allies adopted his view and signed the treaty of Chaumont (March 1st), " my treaty," as Castlereagh called it, with an unusual See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of personal See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride; adding " Upon the face of the treaty this year our engagement is See also:

• EQUIVALENT