See also:

• LONDON

LONDON See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

CLAY  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the most important member of the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene strata in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . It is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, though not frequently exposed, partly because it is to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent covered by more See also:

• RECENT

recent gravels and partly because it is not often worked on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . It is a stiff, tenacious, bluish See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay that becomes See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown on weathering, occasionally it becomes distinctly sandy, some-times glauconitic, especially towards the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top; large calcareous septarian concretions are See also:

• COMMON

common, and have been used in the manufacture of See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, being dug for this purpose at See also:

• SHEPPEY

Sheppey, near Southend, and at See also:

• HARWICH

Harwich, and dredged off the See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Nodular lumps of See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites and crystals of selenite are of frequent occurrence . The clay has been employed for making bricks, tiles and coarse pottery, but it is usually too tenacious for this purpose except in well-weathered or sandy portions . The See also:

• BASE

base of the clay is very regularly indicated by a few inches of rounded See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint pebbles with See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and yellowish See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, parts of this layer being frequently cemented by carbonate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average thickness of the London Clay in the London basin is about 450 ft.; at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor it is 400 ft. thick; beneath London it is rather thicker, while in the south of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex it is over 48o ft . In See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire it only reaches a few feet in thickness, while in See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire it is some 50 or 6o ft . It is found in the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight, where it is 300 ft. thick at Whitecliff See also:

• BAY

Bay—here the beds are See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical and even slightly reversed—and in See also:

• ALUM

Alum Bay it is 220 ft. thick . In Hampshire it is sometimes known as the See also:

• BOGNOR

Bognor Beds, and certain layers of calcareous See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone within the See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays are called See also:

• BARNES, ALBERT (1798–1870)
• BARNES, BARNABE (1569 ?–16o9)
• BARNES, JOSHUA (1654-1712)
• BARNES, ROBERT (1495-1540)
• BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
• BARNES, THOMAS (1785-1841)
• BARNES, W
• BARNES, WILLIAM (1800-1886)

Barnes or Bognor See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock . In the eastern See also:

• PART

part of the London basin in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent the pebbly the Oldhaven and See also:

• BLACKHEATH

Blackheath Beds . The London Clay is a marine See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, and its fossils indicate a moderately warm See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, the See also:

• FLORA

flora having a tropical aspect .

Among the fossils may be mentioned Panopoea intermedia, Ditrupa Plana, Teredina personata, Conus concinnus, Rostellaria ampla, See also:

• NAUTILUS

Nautilus centralis, Belosepia, See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

foraminifera and diatoms . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish remains include Otodus obliquus, Sphyroenodus crassidens; birds are represented by Halcyornis Toliapicus, Lithornis and Odontopteryx, and See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles by Chelone gigas, and other turtles, Palaeophis, a See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent and crocodiles . Hyracotherium leporinum, See also:

• PALAEOTHERIUM (i.e. ancient animal)

Palaeotherium and a few other mammals are recorded . Plant remains in a pyritized See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition are found in great abundance and perfection on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Sheppey; numerous See also:

• SPECIES

species of palms, See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw pines, See also:

• WATER

water lilies, cypresses, yews, leguminous See also:

• PLANTS

plants and many others occur; logs of coniferous See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood bored through by annelids and See also:

• TEREDO

Teredo are common, and fossil See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin has been found at See also:

• HIGHGATE

Highgate . See EOCENE ; also W . See also:

• WHITAKER, JOSEPH (1820-1895)

Whitaker, " The Geology of London and part of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames Valley," Mem . Geol . Survey (1889)., and See also:

• SHEET

Sheet See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Geol . Survey, London, Nos . 314, 315, 268, 329, 332, and Memoirs on the Geology of the Isle of Wight (1889) .