See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

CASSIUS See also:

• CASSIUS LONGINUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

LONGINUS (c. A.D. 213-273)  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek rhetorician and philosophical critic, surnamed PHILOLOGUS . The origin of his See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile name See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius is unknown; it can only be conjectured that he adopted it from a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PATRON

patron . He was perhaps a native of Emesa (Horns) in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, the birthplace of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• FRONTO, MARCUS CORNELIUS (c. A.D. 100–170)

Fronto the rhetorician . He studied at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria under See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen, and taught for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, one of his pupils being the Neoplatonist See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry . See also:

• LONGINUS, CASSIUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

Longinus did not embrace the new speculations then being See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by See also:

• PLOTINUS (A.D. 204-270)

Plotinus, but continued a Platonist of the old type . He upheld, in opposition to Plotinus, the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that the Platonic ideas existed outside the divine Noun (See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin E w roIu vol.) Usbiorryce ru v0'nrE~ : see F . Uberweg, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, 9th ed., 1903, 1 . § 72) . Plotinus, after See also:

• READING

reading his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise Heist cipXwv (On First Principles), remarked that Longinus might be a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar (¢t)ebXoyos), but that he was no philosopher (c/ A6004os) . The reputation which Longinus acquired by his learning was immense; he is described by Porphyry as " the first of critics," and by See also:

• EUNAPIUS

Eunapius as " a living library and a walking museum " or See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia . During a visit to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East he became teacher in Greek, and subsequently See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief counsellor in See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state affairs, to See also:

• ZENOBIA (Gr. Zr7vo(3ia)

Zenobia, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra . It was by his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that she endeavoured to regain her See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian, however, crushed the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, and while Zenobia was led See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace Aurelian's See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, Longinus paid the forfeit of his See also:

• LIFE

life .

Longinus was the author of a large number of See also:

• WORKS

works, nearly all of which have perished . Among those mentioned by Suldas are Quaestiones Homericae, An Homerus fuerit philosophes, Problemata Homeri et solutiones, Atticorum vocabulorum editiones duae; the most important of his philological works, chX6Aoyot 6µtAiat (Philological Discourses) consisting of at least 21 books, is omitted . A considerable fragment of the HEpi riXovs (De finibus, On the Chief End) is preserved in the Life of Plotinus by Porphyry (§ 20) . Under his name there are also extant Prolegomena to the Encheiridion of See also:

• HEPHAESTION

Hephaestion on See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre (printed in R . See also:

• WESTPHAL, RUDOLF (1826—1892)

Westphal, Scriptores Metrici Graeci, i . 1866) and the fragment of a treatise on See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric (L . Spengel, Rhetores Graeci, i. pp . 299-320), inserted in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a similar treatise by See also:

• APSINES

Apsines . It gives brief See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical hints on invention, arrangement, See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, memory and other things useful to the student . Some important excerpts iKr&v Aoyyivov (Spengel, i . 325-328) may possibly be from the 4uX6Aoyot 6µtAiat . It is as the reputed author of the well-known and remarkable See also:

• WORK

work nspi i4ovs (generally, but inadequately, rendered On the See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

Sublime) that Longinus is best known .

See also:

• MODERN

Modern scholars, however, with few exceptions, are agreed that it cannot with any certainty be ascribed to him, and that the question of authorship cannot be determined (see Introduction to See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts's edition) . The following are the chief arguments against Longinus . (1) The treatise is not mentioned by any classical author, nor in any lists of the works attributed to him . (2) The See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the See also:

• MSS

MSS. shows that doubts existed even in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . In the most important (No . 2036 in the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Library, loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) the heading is AwvvoLou $ Aoyylvov, thus giving an alternative author See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius; in the Laurentian MS. at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title has dvwvbµov, implying that the author was unknown . The ascription in the Paris MS. led to the addition of Dionysius to the name of the reputed author—Dionysius Cassius Longinus, accounted for by the supposition that his early name was Dionysius, Cassius Longinus being subsequently adopted from a Roman patron whose client he had beeen . (3) The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any reference to the famous writers on rhetoric of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the Antonines, such as See also:

• HERMOGENES

Hermogenes and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander son of See also:

• NUMENIUS

Numenius . (4) The opening sentences show that the IIspl i,'ovs was written with a view of correcting the faults of style and method in a treatise by See also:

• CAECILIUS

Caecilius (q.v.) of Calacte on the same subject . As Caecilius flourished during the reign of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, it is hardly likely that his work would have been selected for purposes of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism in the 3rd century . (5) See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General considerations of style and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and of the point of view from which the work is written . In favour of Longinus: (1) The traditional ascription, which held its ground, unchallengal till the beginning of the_i8th century .

(2) The philosophical colouring of the first See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter and the numerous quotations from Pfato are- in accordance with what is known of his philosophical opinions . (3) The treatise is the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of work to be expected from one who was. styled " the first of critics." (4) The Ammonius referred to (xiii . 3) is supposed to be Ammonius Saccas (c . 175-242), but it appears from the Venetian scholia to the Iliad that there was an earlier Ammonius (fl. c . 140 B.c.), a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil and successor of See also:

• ARISTARCHUS

Aristarchus at Alexandria, who, judging from the context, is no doubt the writer in question . The reference is therefore an See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument against Longinus . The work is dedicated to a certain See also:

• TERENTIANUS

Terentianus, of whom nothing is known (see Roberts's edition, p . 18) . The alternative author Dionysius of the MSS. has been variously identified with the rhetorician and historian Dionysius of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus, the Atticist Aelius Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Dionysius See also:

• ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS (109–32 B.c.)

Atticus of See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum, Dionysius of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus . Other suggested. claimants to the authorship are See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch (L . Vaucher in Etudes critiques sur le traite du sublime (See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, 1894) and Aelius See also:

• THEON
• THEON, AELIUS

Theon of Alexandria (W . See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ), the author of a work on the Arrangement of .

Speech . But it seems most probable that the author was an unknown writer who flourished in the 1st century soon after Caecilius and before Hermogenes . Wil'amowitz-Mollendorff gives his date as about A.D . 40 . The rendering On the Sublime implies more than is intended by the Greek IIEpi iy'ou; (" impressiveness in style," See also:

• JEBB, JOHN (1736–1786)
• JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOTJSE (1841–1905)

Jebb) . Nothing abnormal, such as is associated with the word " sublime," is the subject of discussion; it is rather a treatise on style . According to the author's own-See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions, '' Sublimity is a certain distinction and excellence in expression," " sublimity consists in See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation," " sublimity is the See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo (or expression) of a See also:

• GREAT

great soul " (see See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in Roberts) . The treatise is especially valuable for the numerous quotations from classical authors, above all, for the preservation of the famous fragment of See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho, the See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode to Anactoria, beginning OQ.iYETQ.L tLOL KfJYOS LOOS BEOLULV, imitated by See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus (li.) Ad Lesbiam, Ille mi See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par esse deo,videtur." Its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object is to point out the essential elements of an impressive style which, avoiding all tumidity, puerility, affectation and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, finds its See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration in grandeur of thought and intensity of feeling, and its expression in See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of diction and in skilfully ordered See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition " (See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys) . A full bibliography of the subject will be found in the edition by W . R . Roberts (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 2nd ed., .1907), containing an Introduction, See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis, See also:

• TRANSLATION

Translation and Appendices (textual, linguistic, See also:

• LITERARY

literary and See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical), to which may be added F . See also:

• MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

Marx, Wiener Studien, xx .

(1898), and F . Kaibel, See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, xxxiv . (1899), who respectively See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate and reject the claims of Longinus to the authorship; J . E . Sandys, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Classical Scholarship.(2nd ed., 1906), pp . 288, 338, should also be consulted . The number of See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations in all the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe is,large, including the famous one by Boileau, which made the work favourite See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book of the bellelettristic critics of the 18th century . A text and translation was published by A . O . Prickard (1907-1908) .