LORETO  , an inland See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, lying E. of the Andean Cordilleras and forming the N.E. See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . Extensive territories, nominally parts of this department, are in dispute between Peru and the neighbouring republics of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia and See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador (see PERU), and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and eastern boundaries of the territory are therefore not definitely determined . Loreto is bounded W. by the departments of See also:

• AMAZONAS

Amazonas and See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin (the latter a new department, with an See also:

• AREA

area of 30,744 sq. m., taken from Loreto, lying between the central and eastern Cordilleras and extending from the 6th to the 9th See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels, approximately), and S. by See also:

• HUANUCO

Huanuco and See also:

• CUZCO

Cuzco . The area of the department, including the territories claimed by Peru, is estimated at 257,798 sq. in . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated (1906) at 120,000 . The aboriginal population is not numerous, as the thick, humid forests are inhabited only where lakes and streams make open spaces for sunlight and See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation . With the exception of the eastern Andean slopes and a little-known range of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low mountains on the Brazilian frontier, called the See also:

• ANDES

Andes Conomamas, the See also:

• SURFACE

surface is that of a thickly wooded See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain sloping gently towards the Maranon, or Upper See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon, which crosses it from W. to E . There are open plains between the Ucayali and Huallaga, known as the See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

Pampas del See also:

• SACRAMENTO

Sacramento, but otherwise there are no extensive breaks in the See also:

• FOREST

forest . The See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the plain near the See also:

• BASE

base of the Andes is 526 ft. on the Ucayali, 558 on the Huallaga, and 453 at Barranca, on the Maranon, a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles below the Pongo de Manseriche . The eastward slope of the plain is about 250 ft. in the 62o m . (See also:

• DIRECT

direct) between this point and Tabatinga, on the Brazilian frontier; this not only shows the remarkably level See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Amazon valley of which it forms a part, but also the sluggish character of its drainage . From the S. the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers traversing Loreto are the Ucayali and Huallaga, the former entering from Cuzco across its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary and skirting the eastern base of the Andes for about four degrees of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude before it turns away to the N.E. to join the Maranon, and the latter breaking through the Eastern See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera between the 6th and 7th parallels and entering the Maranon 143 M. below Yurimaguas, where See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation begins .

The See also:

• LOWER

lower Ucayali, which has a very tortuous course, is said to have 868 m. of navigable channel at high See also:

• WATER

water and 620 m. at low water . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of the Maranon several large rivers pass through Peruvian territory between the See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago and Napo (see ECUADOR), nearly all having navigable channels . On the level plains are a number of lakes, some are formed by the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual floods and are temporary in character . Among the permanent lakes are the Gran Cocama, of the Pampas del Sacramento, the Caballococha—a widening of the Amazon itself about 6o m . N.W. of Tabatinga—and Rimachuma, on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Maranon, near the lower Pastaza . The natural resources of this extensive region are incalculable, but their development has been well nigh impossible through lack of transport facilities . They include the characteristic See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of the Amazon valley, See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, nuts, See also:

• CINCHONA

cinchona or Peruvian bark, medicinal products, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, fruits and See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres . The cultivated products include See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and fruits . See also:

• STRAW

Straw hats and hammocks are manufactured to some extent . The natural outlet of this region is the Amazon See also:

• RIVER

river, but this involves 2500 M. of river navigation from See also:

• IQUITOS

Iquitos before the ocean is reached . Communication with the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast cities and ports of Peru implies the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of three high, See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-covered ranges of the Andes by extremely difficult trails and passes . A rough See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain road has been constructed from Oroya to Puerto See also:

• BERMUDEZ

Bermudez, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of navigation on the Pachitea, and is maintained by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government pending the construction of a railway, but the distance is 2 ro m. and it takes nine days for a See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train to make the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey .

At Puerto Bermudez a river steamer connects with Iquitos, making the distance of 930 M. in seven days . From See also:

• LIMA

Lima to Iquitos by this route, therefore, involves 17 days travel over a distance of 1268 m . The most feasible route from the department to the Pacific coast is that which connects Puerto See also:

• LIMON, or PORT LIMON

Limon, on the Maranon, with the Pacific See also:

• PORT

port of Payta, a distance of 410 m., it being possible to See also:

• CROSS

cross the Andes on this route at the low elevation of 6600 ft . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Loreto is hot and humid, except on the higher slopes of the Andes . The See also:

• YEAR

year is divided into a wet and a dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, the first from May to See also:

• OCTOBER

October, and the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual rainfall is estimated at 70 in. though it varies widely between distant points . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and only See also:

• TOWN

town of importance in the department is Iquitos .