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LORIS

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 9 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LORIS  , a name of uncertain origin applied to the Indo-See also:

Malay representatives of the lemurs, which, together with the See also:African pottos, constitute the See also:section Nycticebinae of the See also:family Nycticebidae (see See also:PRIMATES) . From their extremely slow movements and lethargic habits in the daytime these weird little creatures are commonly called sloths by Anglo-See also:Indians . Their soft See also:fur, huge staring eyes, rudimentary tails and imperfectly See also:developed See also:index-fingers render lorises easy of recognition . The smallest is the slender loris (Loris gracilis) of the forests of See also:Madras and See also:Ceylon, a creature smaller than a See also:squirrel . It is of such exceeding strangeness and beauty that it might have been thought it would be protected by the natives; but they hold it alive before a See also:fire till its beautiful eyes burst in See also:order to afford a supposed remedy for ophthalmia ! The mainland and Cingalese animals See also:form distinct races . Both in this See also:species and the slow loris there is a pair of rudimentary abdominal teats in addition to the normal See also:pectoral pair . The slow loris (Nycticebus lardigradus) is a heavier built and larger See also:animal, ranging from eastern See also:Bengal to See also:Cochin See also:China, See also:Siam, the Malay See also:Peninsula, See also:Java and See also:Sumatra . There are several races, mostly See also:grey in See also:colour, but the Sumatran N. t. hilleri is reddish . (R . L.*) LORIS-MELIKOV, See also:MICHAEL TARIELOVICH, See also:COUNT (1825?-1888), See also:Russian statesman, son of an Armenian See also:merchant, was See also:born at See also:Tiflis in 1825 or 1826, and educated in St See also:Petersburg, first in the Lazarev School of See also:Oriental See also:Languages, and afterwards in the See also:Guards' See also:Cadet See also:Institute . He joined a See also:hussar See also:regiment, and four years afterwards (1847) he was sent to the See also:Caucasus, where he remained for more than twenty years, and made for himself during troublous times the reputation of a distinguished See also:cavalry officer and an able See also:administrator .

In the latter capacity, though a keen soldier, he aimed always at preparing the warlike and turbulent See also:

population committed to his See also:charge for the transition from military to normal See also:civil See also:administration, and in this See also:work his favourite See also:instrument was the schoolmaster . In the Russo-See also:Turkish See also:War of 1877–78 he commanded a See also:separate See also:corps d'armee on , the Turkish frontier in See also:Asia See also:Minor . After taking the fortress of Ardahan, he was repulsed by Mukhtar See also:Pasha at Zevin, but subsequently defeated his opponent at Aladja Dagh, took See also:Kars by See also:storm, and laid See also:siege to See also:Erzerum . For these services he received the See also:title of Count . In the following See also:year he was appointed temporary See also:governor-See also:general of the region of the See also:Lower See also:Volga, to combat an outbreak of the See also:plague . The See also:measures he adopted proved so effectual that he was transferred to the provinces of Central See also:Russia to combat the Nihilists and Anarchists, who had adopted a policy of terrorism, and had succeeded in assassinating the governor of See also:Kharkov . His and the See also:Meuse, together with the dioceses of See also:Cologne, See also:Trier, See also:Metz, See also:Toul, See also:Verdun, See also:Liege and See also:Cambrai, See also:Basel, See also:Strassburg and See also:Besancon, and corresponded to what is now See also:Holland and See also:Belgium, parts of Rhenish See also:Prussia, of See also:Switzerland, and of the old See also:province of Franche-See also:Comte, and to the See also:district known later as Upper See also:Lorraine, or simply Lorraine . Though apparently of an absolutely artificial See also:character, this See also:kingdom corresponded essentially to the See also:ancient See also:Francia, the See also:cradle of the Carolingian See also:house, and See also:long retained a certain unity . It was to the in-habitants of this region that the name of Lotharienses or Lotharingi was primitively applied, although the word Lotharingia, as the designation of the See also:country, only appears in the See also:middle of the loth See also:century . The reign of See also:King See also:Lothair (q.v.), which was continually disturbed by quarrels with his uncles, See also:Charles the Bald and See also:Louis the See also:German, and by the difficulties caused by the See also:divorce of his See also:queen Teutberga, whom he had forsaken for a concubine called Waldrada, ended on the 8th of See also:August 869 . His See also:inheritance was disputed by his uncles, and was divided by the treaty of Meersen (8th of August 87o), by which Charles the Bald received See also:part of the province of Besancon and some See also:land between the Moselle and the Meuse . Then for a See also:time the See also:emperor Charles the See also:Fat See also:united under his authority the whole of the kingdom IA Lorraine with the See also:rest of the Carolingian See also:empire .

After the deposition of Charles in 888 See also:

Rudolph, king of See also:Burgundy, got himself recognized in Lorraine . He was unable to maintain himself there, and succeeded in detaching definitively no more than the province of Besancon . Lorraine remained in the See also:power of the emperor See also:Arnulf, who in 895 constituted it a distinct kingdom in favour of his son Zwentibold . Zwentibold quickly became embroiled with the nobles and the bishops, and especially with See also:Bishop Radbod of Trier . Among the See also:lay lords the most important was See also:Regnier (incorrectly called Long-See also:neck), count of Hesbaye and Hainault, who is styled See also:duke by the Lotharingian chronicler See also:Reginon, though he does not appear ever to have See also:borne the title . In 898 Zwentibold stripped Regnier of his fiefs, whereupon the latter appealed to the king of See also:France, Charles the See also:Simple, whose intervention, however, had no enduring effect . After the See also:death of Arnulf in 899, the Lotharingians appealed to his successor, Louis the See also:Child, to replace Zwentibold, who, on the 13th of August 900, was killed in See also:battle . In spite of the dissensions which immediately arose between him and the Lotharingian lords, Louis retained the kingdom till his death . The Lotharingians, however, refused to recognize the new German king, See also:Conrad I., and testified their See also:attachment to the Carolingian house by electing as See also:sovereign the king of the See also:West See also:Franks, Charles the Simple . Charles was at first supported by Giselbert, son and successor of Regnier, but was abandoned by his ally, who in 919 appealed to the German king, See also:Henry I . The struggle ended in the treaty of See also:Bonn (921), by which apparently the rights of Charles over Lorraine were recognized . The revolt of the Frankish lords in 922 and the captivity of Charles finally settled the question .

After an unsuccessful attack by Rudolph or Raoul, king of France, Henry became See also:

master of Lorraine in 925, thanks to the support of Giselbert, whom he rewarded with the See also:hand of his daughter Gerberga and the title of duke of Lorraine . Giselbert at first remained faithful to Henry's son, See also:Otto the See also:Great, but in 938 he appears to have joined the revolt directed against Otto by See also:Eberhard, duke of See also:Franconia . In 939, in See also:concert with Eberhard and Otto's See also:brother, Henry of See also:Saxony, he declared open war against Otto and appealed to Louis d'Outremer, who penetrated into Lorraine and See also:Alsace, but was soon called back to France by the revolt of the count of See also:Vermandois . In the same year Giselbert and Eberhard were defeated and killed near See also:Andernach, and Otto at once made himself recognized in the whole of Lorraine, securing it by a treaty with Louis d'Outremer, who married Giselbert's widow Gerberga, and entrusting the See also:government of it to Count Otto, son of Ricuin, until Giselbert's son Henry should have attained his See also:majority . After the deaths of the See also:young Henry and Count Otto in 944, Otto the Great gave Lorraine to Conrad the Red, duke of success in this struggle led to his being appointed See also:chief of the Supreme Executive See also:Commission which had been created in St Petersburg to See also:deal with the revolutionary agitation in general . Here, as in the Caucasus, he showed a decided preference for the employment of See also:ordinary legal methods rather than exceptional extra-legal measures, and an See also:attempt on his own See also:life soon after he assumed See also:office did not shake his convictions . In his See also:opinion the best policy was to strike at the See also:root of the evil by removing the causes of popular discontent, and for this purpose he recommended to the emperor a large See also:scheme of administrative and economic reforms . See also:Alexander II., who was beginning to lose faith in the efficacy of the simple method of See also:police repression hitherto employed, See also:lent a willing See also:ear to the See also:suggestion; and when the Supreme Commission was dissolved in August 188o, he appointed Count Loris-Melikov See also:Minister of the Interior with exceptional See also:powers . The proposed scheme of reforms was at once taken in hand, but it was never carried out . On the very See also:day in See also:March 1881 that the emperor signed a See also:ukaz creating several commissions, composed of officials and eminent private individuals, who should prepare reforms in various branches of the administration, he was assassinated by Nihilist conspirators; and his successor, Alexander III., at once adopted a strongly reactionary policy . Count Loris-Melikov immediately resigned, and lived in retirement until his death, which took See also:place at See also:Nice on the 22nd of See also:December 1888 . (D .

M .

End of Article: LORIS
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