See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS PHILIPPE I  ., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French (1773-1850), was the eldest son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans (known during the Revolution as Philippe Egalite) and of See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, daughter of the duc de Penthievre, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the Palais Royal in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 6th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1773 . On his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he was descended from the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Louis XIV., on his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's from the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, "legitimated " son of Louis XIV. and Madame de See also:

• MONTESPAN

Montespan . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that he was a supposititious See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, really the son of an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable named Chiapponi, is dealt with elsewhere (see MARIA STELLA, countess of Newborough) . The See also:

• GOD

god-parents of the duke of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, as he was entitled till 1785, were Louis XVI. and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Marie Antoinette; his governess was the famous Madame de Geniis, to whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he doubtless owed many of the qualities which later distinguished him: his wide, if superficial knowledge, his orderliness, and perhaps his See also:

• PARSIMONY, LAW OF (Lat. parsimonia, from parcere, to save)

parsimony . Known since 1785 as the duc de See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, he was sixteen at the outbreak of the Revolution, into which—like his father—he threw himself with ardour . In 1990 he joined the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, in which the moderate elements still predominated, and was assiduous in attendance at the debates of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . He thus became a persona grata with the party in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; he was already a See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of dragoons, and in 1792 he was given a command in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North . As a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen, he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the cannonade of Valmy (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 20) and played a conspicuous See also:

• PART

part in the victory of See also:

• JEMAPPES

Jemappes (Nov . 6) . The See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic had meanwhile been proclaimed, and the duc de Chartres, who like his father had taken the name of Egalite, posed as its zealous adherent . Fortunately for him, he was too See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young to be elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention, and while his father was voting for the See also:

• DEATH

death of Louis XVI. he was serving under See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland .

He shared in the disastrous See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of See also:

• NEERWINDEN

Neerwinden (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18,1993); was an See also:

• ACCOMPLICE (from Fr. complice, conspirator, Lat. complex, a sharer, associate, complicare, to fold together; the ac- is possibly due to confusion with " accomplish," to complete, Lat. complere, to fill up)

accomplice of Dumouriez in the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot to march on Paris and overthrow the republic, and on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April escaped with him from the enraged soldiers into the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian lines . He was destined not to return to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France for twenty years . He went first, with his See also:

• SISTER

sister Madame Adelaide, to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland where he obtained a situation for a few months as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• REICHENAU

Reichenau under an assumed name,' mainly in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the fury of the emigres . The See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of his father in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1793 had made him duke of Orleans, and he now became the centre of the intrigues of the Orleanist party . In 1795 he was at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg with Dumouriez, who still hoped to make him king . With characteristic caution Louis Philippe refused to commit himself by any overt pretensions, and announced his intention of going to See also:

• AMERICA

America; but in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that something might happen in France to his See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, he postponed his departure, travelling instead through the Scandinavian countries as far north as See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland . But in 1796, the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory having offered to See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release his mother and his two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers; who had been kept in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison since the Terror, on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that he went to America, he set See also:

• SAIL

sail for the See also:

• UNITED

United States, and in October settled in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, where in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1797 he was joined by his brothers the duc de See also:

• MONTPENSIER, ANNE MARIE LOUISE
• MONTPENSIER, COUNTS AND DUKES OF

Montpensier and the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Beaujolais . Two years were spent by them in travels in New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the region of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes, and of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi; then the See also:

• NEWS

news of the coup d'etat of 18 See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire decided them to return to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . They returned in ',Soo, only to find See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's power firmly established . Immediately on his arrival, in February "Soo, the duke of Orleans, at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of Dumouriez, sought an interview with the comte d'See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois, through whose instrumentality he was reconciled with the exiled king Louis XVIII., who bestowed upon his brothers the order of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Esprit . The duke, however, refused to join the army of See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde and to fight against France, an attitude in which he persisted throughout, while maintaining his See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to the king .2 He settled with his brothers at See also:

• TWICKENHAM

Twickenham, near 'As M . Chabaud de la Tour .

He was examined as to his fitness before being appointed . Gruyer, p . 165 . 2 This at least was his own claim and the Orleanist view . The See also:

• MATTER

matter became a question of See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan controversy, the See also:

• LEGITIMISTS (Fr. legitimistes, from legitime, lawful, legitimate)

legitimists asserting that he frequently offered to serve against France, but that See also:

• LONDON

London, where he lived till 1807—for the most part in studious retirement . On the 18th of May 1807 the duc de Montpensier died at See also:

• CHRISTCHURCH

Christchurch in See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, where he had been taken for See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, of See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . The comte de Beaujolais was See also:

• ILL

ill of the same disease and in 1808 the duke took him to See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta, where he died on the 29th of May . The duke now, in response to an invitation from King See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand IV., visited See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo where, on the 25th of November 1809 he married Princess Maria Amelia, the king's daughter . He remained in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily until the news of Napoleon's See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication recalled him to France . He was cordially received by Louis XVIII.; his military See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank was confirmed, he was named colonel-general of hussars, and such of the vast Orleans estates as had not been sold were restored to him by royal See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance . The See also:

• OBJECT

object may have been, as M . Debidour suggests, to See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise him with the revolutionary parties and to bind him to the See also:

• THRONE

throne; but it is more probable that it was no more than an expression of the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good will which the king had shown him ever since 1800 .

The immediate effect was to make him enormously See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth being increased by his natural aptitude for business until, after the death of his mother in 1821, his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune was reckoned at some £8,000,000 . Meanwhile, in the heated See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of the reaction, his sympathy with the Liberal opposition brought him again under suspicion . His attitude in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Peers in the autumn of 1815 cost him a two years' See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile to Twickenham; he courted popularity by having his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children educated en See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

bourgeois at the public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; and the Palais Royal became the See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous of all the leaders of that See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-class See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion by which he was ultimately to be raised to the throne . His opportunity came with the revolution of 1830 . During the three "See also:

• JULY

July days" the duke kept himself discreetly in the background, retiring first to Neuilly, then to Raincy . Meanwhile, See also:

• THIERS

Thiers issued a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation pointing out that a Republic would embroil France with all Europe, while the duke of Orleans, who was " a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince devoted to the principles of the Revolution" and had " carried the tricolour under See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire " would be a " See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen king " such as the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country desired . This view was that of the rump of the chamber still sitting at the Palais Bourbon, and a deputation headed by Thiers and See also:

• LAFFITTE, JACQUES (1767-1844)
• LAFFITTE, PIERRE (1823-1903)

Laffitte waited upon the duke to invite him to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place himself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of affairs . He returned with them to Paris on the 3oth, and was elected by the deputies lieutenant-general of the See also:

• REALM

realm . The next day, wrapped in a tricolour See also:

• SCARF

scarf and preceded by a drummer, he went on See also:

• FOOT

foot to the Hotel de Ville—the headquarters of the republican party—where he was publicly embraced by See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette as a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol that the republicans acknowledged the impossibility of realizing their own ideals and were prepared to accept a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy based on the popular will . Hitherto, in letters to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., he had protested the loyalty of his intentions,3 and the king now nominated him lieutenant-general and then, abdicating in favour of his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson the comte de See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord appointed him See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent . On the 7th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, however, the Chamber by a large See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority declared Charles X. deposed, and proclaimed Louis Philippe "King of the French, by the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of God and the will of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people." The career of Louis Philippe as King of the French is dealt with elsewhere (see FRANCE: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . Here it must suffice to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note something of his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attitude towards affairs and the general effects which this produced .

For the trappings of authority he cared little . To conciliate the revolutionary his offers were contemptuously refused . A . Debidour in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Louis-Philippe " in La Grande Encyclopedie supports the latter view; but see Gruyer, La Jeunesse, and E . See also:

• DAUDET, ALPHONSE (1840-1897)

Daudet, " Une reconciliation de famille en 1800," in the Revue See also:

• DES

des Deux Mondes, Sept . 15, 1905, p . 301 . M . Daudet gives the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the interview See also:

• LEFT

left by the comte d'Artois, and he also makes it clear that Louis Philippe, while protesting his loyalty to the head of his house, did not disguise his opinion that a Restoration would only be possible if the king accepted the essential changes made by the Revolution . 3 To say that these protestations were hypocritical is to assume too much . Personal ambition doubtless played a part ; but he must have soon realized that the French people had wearied of " legitimism " and that a regency in the circumstances was impossible . unfortunately, strikingly displayed in the transactions connected with the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish marriages, which led to the king's downfall, and ruined him in the eyes of all Europe " (Letters, pop. ed., iii .

122) . Louis Philippe had eight children . His eldest son, the popular Ferdinand Philippe, duke of Orleans (b . 181o), who had married Princess See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena of See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg, was killed in a See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident on the 13th of July 1842, leaving two sons, the comte de Paris and the duc de Chartres . The other children were Louise, See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold I., king of the Belgians; Marie, who married Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg and died in 1839; Louis Charles, duc de See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours; Clementine, married to the duke of See also:

• COBURG

Coburg-Kohary; See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Ferdinand, prince de See also:

• JOINVILLE
• JOINVILLE, FRANCOIS FERDINAND PHILIPPE LOUIS MARIE, PRINCE DE (1818-1900)
• JOINVILLE, JEAN, SIRE DE (1224-1319)

Joinville; See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene, duc d'See also:

• AUMALE
• AUMALE, HENRI EUGENE PHILIPPE LOUIS

Aumale (q.v.); See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine Philippe, duc de Montpensier, who married the Infanta, younger sister of Queen See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for equality he was content to See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil his kingship for a while under a middle-class disguise . He erased the royal lilies from the panels of his carriages; and the Palais Royal, like the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White House at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, stood open to all and sundry who cared to come and shake hands with the head of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . This pose served to keep the democrats of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in a good See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, and so leave him See also:

• FREE

free to consolidate the somewhat unstable See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his throne and to persuade his See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-sovereigns to acknowledge in him not a revolutionary but a conservative force . But when once his position at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and abroad had been established, it became increasingly clear that he possessed all the Bourbon tenaciousness of personal power . When a " party of Resistance " came into See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with Casimir-See also:

• PERIER, CASIMIR PIERRE (1777-1832)

Perier in March 1831, the speech from the throne proclaimed that " France has desired that the monarchy should become national, it does not See also:

• DESIRE

desire that it should be powerless "; and the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration of the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family to the Tuileries symbolized the right of the king not only to reign but to See also:

• RULE

rule . Republican and Socialist agitation, culminating in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of dangerous risings, strengthened the position of the king as defender of middle-class See also:

• INTEREST

interest; and since the middle classes constituted the pays legal which alone was represented in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, he came to regard his position as unassailable, especially after the suppression of the risings under See also:

• BLANQUI, JEROME ADOLPHE (1798-1854)
• BLANQUI, LOUIS AUGUSTE (18o5-1881)

Blanqui and Barbes in 1839 . Little by little his policy, always supported by a majority in a house of representatives elected by a corrupt and narrow See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise, became more reactionary and purely dynastic .

His position in France seeming to be unassailable, he sought to strengthen it in Europe by family alliances . The fact that his daughter Louise was the consort of Leopold I., king of the Belgians, had brought him into intimate and cordial relations with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, which did much to See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement the entente cordiale with Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Broken in 184o during the affair of Mehemet See also:

• ALI

Ali (q.v.) the entente was patched up in 1841 by the Straits Convention and re-cemented by visits paid by Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and Prince See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert to the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau d'Eu in 1843 and 1845 and of Louis Philippe to See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor in 1844,- only to be irretrievably wrecked by the affair of the " Spanish marriages," a deliberate See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to revive the traditional Bourbon policy of French predominance in Spain . If in this matter Louis Philippe had seemed to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international position of France to dynastic interests, his attempt to re-establish it by allying himself with the reactionary monarchies against the Liberals of Switzerland finally alienated from him the French Liberal opinion on which his authority was based . When, in February 1848, Paris See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against him, he found that he was practically isolated in France . Charles X., after abdicating, had made a dignified exit from France, marching to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast surrounded by the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry and See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery of his Guard . Louis Philippe was less happily situated . Escaping with the queen from the Tuileries by a back entrance, he made his way with her in disguise to Hoflfleur, where the royal couple found See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in a gardener's cottage . They were ultimately smuggled out of the country by the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul at See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre as Mr and Mrs See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith,' arriving at See also:

• NEWHAVEN

Newhaven " unprovided with anything but the clothes they wore." They settled at See also:

• CLAREMONT

Claremont, placed at their disposal by Queen Victoria, under the incognito of count and countess of Neuilly . Here on the 26th of August 185o, Louis Philippe died . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Louis Philippe is admirably traced by Queen Victoria in a memorandum of May 2, 1855, in which she compares him with Napoleon III . She speaks of his " vast know-ledge upon all and every subject," and " his great activity of mind." He was, unlike Napoleon, "thoroughly French in character, possessing all the liveliness and talkativeness of that people." But she also speaks of the " tricks and over-reachings " practised by him, " who in great as well as in small things took a See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in being cleverer and more cunning than others, often when there was no advantage to be gained by it, and which was, ' There is a vivid account in Mr Featherstonhaugh to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston, Havre, March 3, 1848, in The Letters of Queen Victoria (pop. ed., ii .

156) . Louis Philippe himself published the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal du duc de Chartres, 1790–1791; Mon Journal, evenements de 1815 (2 vols., 1849) ; Discours, allocutions et reponses de S . M . Louis-Philippe, 183o-2846; and after his death was issued his Correspondance,memoire et discours inedits (Paris, 1863) . (W . A .