See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, of which it was the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before the rise of See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels . Pop . (1904) 42,194 . See also:

• LOCAL

Local tradition attributes the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a permanent See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at this spot to See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, but See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain only became important in the 11th century as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence for the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Brabant . In 1356 Louvain was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the famous Joyeuse Entree of Wenceslas which represented the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of Brabant . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it had a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of at least 50,000 and was very prosperous as the centre of the woollen See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in central Belgium . The gild of weavers numbered 2400 members . The old walls of Louvain were 42 m. in circumference, and have been replaced by boulevards, but within them there is a considerable extent of cultivated ground . Soon after the Joyeuse Entree a serious See also:

• FEUD

feud began between the citizens and the patrician class, and eventually the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke threw in his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with the latter . After a struggle of over twenty years' duration the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Hoods, as the citizens called themselves, were crushed . In 1379 they massacred seventeen nobles in the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, but this See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime brought down on them the vengeance of the duke, to whom in 1383 they made the most abject and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete surrender . With this See also:

• CIVIL

civil strife the importance and prosperity of Louvain declined .

Many weavers fled to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the duke took up his residence in the strong See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of See also:

• VILVORDE

Vilvorde, and Brussels prospered at the expense of Louvain . What it lost in trade it partially recovered as a seat of learning, for in 1423, Duke See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John IV. of Brabant founded there a university and ever since Louvain University has enjoyed the first place in Belgium . It has always prided itself most on its theological teaching . In 1679 the university was established in the old See also:

• CLOTH

Cloth Workers' Hall, a See also:

• BUILDING

building dating from 1317, with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long arcades and graceful pillars supporting the upper storeys . The library contains 70,000 volumes and some 500 See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . Attached to the university are four residential colleges at which the number of students See also:

• AVERAGE

average two thousand . In the 16th century when the university was at the height of its fame it counted six thousand . The most remarkable building in Louvain is the Hotel de Ville, one of the richest and most ornate examples of pointed See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . If less ornate than that of Oudenarde it is more harmonious in its details . It was the See also:

• WORK

work of Mathieu de Layens, See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason, who worked at it from 1448 to 1463 . The building is one of three storeys each with ten pointed windows forming the See also:

• FACADE

facade facing the square . Above is a graceful See also:

• BALUSTRADE

balustrade behind which is a lofty roof, and at the angles are towers perforated for the passage of the See also:

• LIGHT

light .

The other three sides are lavishly decorated with statuary . The interior is not noteworthy . Opposite the Hotel de Ville is the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre, in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• CROSS

cross with a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower to which the See also:

• SPIRE

spire has never been added . The existing edifice was built on the site of an older church between 1425 and 1497 . It contains seven chapels, in two of which are fine pictures by Dierich Bouts formerly attributed to Memling . Much of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass work is by See also:

• JEAN

Jean Matseys . There is also an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, being the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I., duke of Brabant, who died in 1235 . There are four other interesting churches in Louvain, viz . Ste Gertrude, St Quentin, St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael and St Jacques . In the last-named is a fine De See also:

• CRAYER, GASPARD DE (1582-1669)

Crayer representing St See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert . Some ruins on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill exist of the old castle of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Louvain whose See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was merged in the higher See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the dukes of Brabant .