See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

RUSSELL See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

LOWELL (1819-1891)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American author and diplomatist, was See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn at Elmwood, in See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, en the 22nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1819, the son of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell (1782-1860.1 On his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he was descended from the Spences and Traills, who made their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney Islands, his See also:

• GREAT

great-grandfather, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• TRAILL, HENRY DUFF (1842-1900)

Traill, returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England on the breaking out of hostilities in 1775 . He was brought up in a neighbourhood bordering on the open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and from his earliest years he found a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in nature; he was also See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early initiated into the See also:

• READING

reading of See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser and See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in childhood, and introduced to old See also:

• BALLADS

ballads by his mother . He had for schoolmaster an Englishman who held by the traditions of See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, se that before he entered Harvard See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College he had a more See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar acquaintance with Latin See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse than most of his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows—a familiarity which showed itself later in his See also:

• MOCK

mock-pedantic See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment to The Biglow Papers and his macaronic poetry . He was a wide reader, but a somewhat indifferent student, graduating at Harvard without See also:

• SPECIAL

special honours in 1838 . During his college course he wrote a number of trivial pieces for a college See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine, and shortly after graduating printed for private circulation the poem which his class asked him to write for their See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation festivities . He was uncertain at first what vocation to choose, and vacillated between business, the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . He decided at last to practise law, and after a course at the Harvard law school, was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . While studying for his profession, however, he contributed poems and See also:

• PROSE

prose articles to various magazines . He cared little for the law, regarding it simply as a distasteful means of livelihood, yet his experiments in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing did not encourage him to See also:

• TRUST

trust to this for support . An unhappy See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure in love deepened his sense of failure, but he became betrothed to Maria See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White in the autumn of 1840, and the next twelve years of his See also:

• LIFE

life were deeply affected by her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . She was a poet of delicate See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but also possessed a lofty See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, a high conception of purity and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper which led her to concern herself 1 See under LOWELL, JOHNin the movements directed against the evils of intemperance and See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery . Lowell was already looked upon by his companions as a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man marked by wit and poetic sentiment; See also:

• MISS

Miss White was admired for her beauty, her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and her intellectual gifts, and the two became thus the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero and heroine among a See also:

• GROUP

group of ardent See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men and See also:

• WOMEN

women .

The first-fruits of this See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion was a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of poems, published in 1841, entitled A See also:

• YEAR

Year's Life, which was inscribed by Lowell in a veiled See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to his future wife, and was a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his new emotions with a backward glance at the preceding See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of depression and irresolution . The See also:

• BETROTHAL (A.S. treowth, " truth ")

betrothal, moreover, stimulated Lowell to new efforts towards self-support, and though nominally maintaining his law See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, he threw his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy into the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, in See also:

• COMPANY

company with a friend, Robert See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter, of a See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, to which the young men gave the name of The See also:

• PIONEER

Pioneer . It was to open the way to new ideals in literature and See also:

• ART

art, and the writers to whom Lowell turned for assistance—See also:

• HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864)

Hawthorne, See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson, See also:

• WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF (1807-1892)

Whittier, See also:

• POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe, See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story and See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons, none of them yet possessed of a wide reputation—indicate the acumen of the editor . Lowell himself had already turned his studies in dramatic and early poetic literature to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in another magazine, and continued the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series in The Pioneer, besides contributing poems; but after the issue of three monthly See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, beginning in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1843, the magazine came to an end, partly because of a sudden disaster which befell Lowell's eyes, partly through the inexperience of the conductors and unfortunate business connexions . The venture confirmed Lowell in his See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent towards literature . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1843 he published a collection of his poems, and a year later he gathered up certain material which he had printed, sifted and added to it, and produced Conversations on some of the Old Poets . The See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form was used merely to secure an undress manner of approach to his subject; there was no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at the dramatic . The See also:

• BOOK

book reflects curiously Lowell's mind at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, for the conversations relate only partly to the poets and dramatists of the Elizabethan period; a slight See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion sends the interlocutors off on the discussion of current reforms in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and society . Literature and reform were dividing the author's mind, and continued to do so for the next See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . Just as this book appeared Lowell and Miss White were married, and spent the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and early See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1845 in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia . Here, besides continuing his literary contributions to magazines, Lowell had a See also:

• REGULAR

regular engagement as an editorial writer on The See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman, a fortnightly journal devoted to the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Slavery cause . In the spring of 1845 the Lowells returned to Cambridge and made their home at Elmwood .

On the last See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the year their first See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, but she lived only fifteen months . A second daughter, Mabel, was born six months after Blanche's See also:

• DEATH

death, and lived to survive her See also:

• FATHER

father; a third, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose, died an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant . Lowell's mother meanwhile was living, sometimes at home, some-times at a neighbouring See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, with clouded mind, and his wife was in frail See also:

• HEALTH

health . These troubles and a narrow income conspired to make Lowell almost a recluse in these days, but from the retirement of Elmwood he sent forth writings which show how large an See also:

• INTEREST

interest he took in affairs . He contributed poems to the daily See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, called out by the Slavery question; he was, early in 1846, a correspondent of the See also:

• LONDON

London Daily See also:

• NEWS

News, and in the spring of 1848 he formed a connexion with the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Anti-Slavery See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

Standard of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, by which he agreed to furnish weekly either a poem or a prose See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . The poems were most frequently See also:

• WORKS

works of art, occasionally they were tracts; but the prose was almost exclusively concerned with the public men and questions of the day, and forms a series of incisive, witty and sometimes prophetic diatribes . It was a period with him of great See also:

• MENTAL

mental activity, and is represented by four of his books which stand as admirable witnesses to the Lowell of 1848, namely, the second series of Poems, containing among others " See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus," " An See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Summer See also:

• REVERIE

Reverie," " To the See also:

• DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale)

Dandelion," " The See also:

• CHANGELING

Changeling "; A See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

Fable for Critics, in which, after the manner of See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt's The Feast of the Poets, he characterizes in witty verse and with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-natured See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire American contemporary writers, and in which, the publication being anony- I abundantly presented in the pages of The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North American mous, he included himself; The See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision of See also:

• SIR

Sir Launfal, a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review during the years 1862-1872, when he was associated with romantic story suggested by the Arthurian legends—one of his Mr Charles See also:

• ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834– )
• ELIOT, GEORGE
• ELIOT, JOHN (1604-1690)
• ELIOT, SIR JOHN (1592-1632)

Eliot See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton in its conduct . This magazine especially most popular poems; and finally The Biglow Papers. gave him the opportunity of expression of See also:

• POLITICAL

political views during Lowell had acquired a reputation among men of letters and the eventful years of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . It was in The a cultivated class of readers, but this satire at once brought See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic during the same period that he published a second him a wider fame . The book was not premeditated; a single series of The Biglow Papers . Both his collegiate and editorial poem, called out by the recruiting for the abhorred Mexican duties stimulated his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and the publication in the war, couched in rustic phrase and sent to the See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston See also:

• COURIER (from the O. Fr. courier, modern courrier, from Lat. currere, to run)
• COURIER, PAUL LOUIS (1773`1825)

Courier, two magazines, followed by republication in book form, of a had the inspiriting dash and electrifying See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat-tat-tat of this I series of studies of great authors, gave him an important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place new recruiting sergeant in the little See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Anti-Slavery re- as a critic . See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, See also:

• DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700)

Dryden, See also:

• LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM (1729–1781)

Lessing, See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, See also:

• DANTE

Dante, formers .

Lowell himself *discovered what he had done at the Spenser, See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton, See also:

• KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821)

Keats, See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, See also:

• THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862)

Thoreau, See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne, same time that the public did, and he followed the poem with See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, Emerson, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray—these are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal subjects eight others either in the Courier or the Anti-Slavery Standard. of his prose, and the range of topics indicates the catholicity of He See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed four well-defined characters in the See also:

• PROCESS

process—a his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . He wrote also a number of essays, such as " My See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden country See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel Biglow, and his son See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea; the Rev . Acquaintance," " A Good Word for Winter," " On a Certain See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer Wilbur, a shrewd old-fashioned country See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister; and Condescension in Foreigners," which were incursions into the Birdofredum Sawin, a See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern renegade who enters the army, See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of nature and society . Although the great bulk of his together with one or two subordinate characters; and his writing was now in prose, he made after this date some of his stinging satire and sly See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour are so set forth in the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular • most notable ventures in poetry . In 1868 he issued the next of New England as to give at once a historic dignity to this collection in Under the Willows and other Poems, but in 1865 form of speech . (Later he wrote an elaborate See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper to show he had delivered his " See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode recited at the Harvard Commemorathe survival in New England of the English of the early 17th tion," and the successive centennial See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical anniversaries See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century.) He embroidered his verse with an entertaining See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from him a series of stately odes . apparatus of notes and mock See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . Even his See also:

• INDEX

index was In 1877 Lowell, who had mingled so little in party politics spiced with wit . The book, a See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic See also:

• ARRAIGNMENT (from Lat. ad, to, and rationare, to reason, call to account)

arraignment of the course that the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole public office he had held was the nominal one of taken in connexion with the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of See also:

• TEXAS

Texas and the war elector in the Presidential See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1876, was appointed by with See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, made a strong impression, and the political See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo- See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes minister See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . He sophy secreted in its lines became a See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household literature. had a good knowledge of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and literature, and It is curious to observe how repeatedly this See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-continued studies in See also:

• HISTORY

history and his See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment upon in the discussions in See also:

• AMERICA

America about the " Imperialistic" enabled him speedily to adjust himself to these new relations. developments of 190o . The death of Lowell's mother, and the Some of his despatches to the home See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government were published fragility of his wife's health, led Lowell, with his wife, their in a See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous volume—Impressions of Spain . In 188o he daughter Mabel and their infant son See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter, to go to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was transferred to London as American minister, and remained in 1851, and they went See also:

• DIRECT

direct to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy .

The early months of there till the close of President See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in the their stay were saddened by the death of Walter in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and spring of 1885 . As a man of letters he was already well known by the news of the illness of Lowell's father, who had a slight See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock in England, and he was in much demand as an orator on public of See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis . They returned in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1852, and Lowell occasions, especially of a literary nature; but he also proved published some recollections of his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in the magazines, himself a sagacious publicist, and made himself a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise interpreter See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting the sketches later in a. prose volume, Fireside Travels. of each country to the other . Shortly after his retirement from He took some part also in the editing of an American edition public life he published See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy and other Addresses, all of of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Poets, but the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low state of his wife's health kept which had been delivered in England . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title address was an him in an uneasy See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and when her death (27th See also:

• OCTOBER

October epigrammatic See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of political faith as hopeful as it was 18J3) released him from the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of anxiety, there came with wise and keen . The close of his stay in England was saddened the grief a readjustment of his nature and a new intellectual by the death of his second wife in 1885 . After his return to activity . At the invitation of his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, he delivered a course America he made several visits to England . His public life had of lectures on English poets before the Lowell See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute in Boston made him more of a figure in the See also:

• WORLD

world; he was decorated with in the winter of 1855 . This first formal See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as a critic the highest honours Harvard could pay officially, and with and historian of literature at once gave him a new See also:

• STANDING

standing degrees of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, Cambridge, St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and in the community, and was the occasion of his election to the See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna . He issued another collection of his poems, Heartsease See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith Professorship of See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

Languages in Harvard College, and See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue, in 1888, and occupied himself with revising and re-then vacant by the retirement of See also:

• LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH (1807-1882)

Longfellow . Lowell accepted arranging his works, which were published in ten volumes in the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, with the proviso that he should have a year 1890 .

The last months of his life were attended by illness, and of study abroad . He spent his time mainly in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, visiting he died at Elmwood on the 12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1891 . After his Italy, and increasing his acquaintance with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, death his literary executor, Charles Eliot Norton, published a See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Spanish See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues . He returned to America in the brief collection of his poems, and two volumes of added prose, summer of 1856, and entered upon his college duties, retaining besides editing his letters . his position for twenty years . As a teacher he proved himself The spontaneity of Lowell's nature is delightfully disclosed a quickener of thought amongst students, rather than a close in his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal letters . They are often brilliant, and sometimes and special instructor . His power See also:

• LAY

lay in the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of very penetrating in their judgment of men and books; but the literature rather than in linguistic study, and his influence over most See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is a pervasive humour, and this humour, his pupils was exercised by his own fireside as well as in the by turns playful and sentimental, is largely characteristic of his relation, always friendly and familiar, which he held to them poetry, which sprang from a genial temper, quick in its sympathy in the classroom . In 1856 he married Miss Frances Dunlap, with nature and humanity . The literary refinement which a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who had since his wife's death had See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of his daughter marks his essays in prose is not conspicuous in his verse, which Mabel. is of a more See also:

• SIMPLE

simple character . There was an apparent conflict In the autumn of 1857 The Atlantic Monthly was established, in him of the critic and the creator, but the conflict was superficial. and Lowell was its first editor . He at once gave the magazine The man behind both critical and creative See also:

• WORK

work was so genuine, the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of high literature and of bold speech on public affairs. that through his writings and speech and See also:

• ACTION

action he impressed He held this position only till the spring of x861, but he continued himself deeply upon his See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation in America, especially upon to make the magazine the vehicle of his poetry and of some the thoughtful and scholarly class who looked upon him as prose for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life; his prose, however, was more especially their representative .

This is not to say that he was a man of narrow sympathies . On the contrary, he was demo- ' See also:

• LOOM

loom . Experiments were successfully carried on at See also:

• WALTHAM

Waltham in cratic in his thought, and outspoken in his rebuke of whatever seemed to him antagonistic to the highest freedom . Thus, without taking a very active part in political life, he was recognized as one of the leaders of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent political thought . He found expression in so many ways, and was apparently so inexhaustible in his resources, that his very versatility and the ease with which he gave expression to his thought sometimes stood in the way of a recognition of his large, simple political ideality and the singleness of his moral sight . WaIrINGS.—The Works of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell Lowell, in ten volumes (Boston and New York, See also:

• HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, 1ST BARON (1809—1885)

Houghton, See also:

• MIFFLIN, THOMAS (1744–1800)

Mifflin & Co., 1890) ; edition de luxe, 61 vols . (1904) ; Latest Literary Essays and Addresses (1891) ; The Old English Dramatists (1892); Conversations on some of the Old Poets (Philadelphia, See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David M'See also:

• KAY, JOHN (1742-1826)
• KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878)

Kay; reprint of the volume published in 1843 and subsequently abandoned by its author, 1893) ; The Power of See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound: a Rhymed Lecture (New York, privately printed, 189; Lectures on English Poets (See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland, The Rowfant See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, 1899) .