LOWER

See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

SIDE  STRINGER the margin plate on each side, are continuous, the transverse frames being fitted between them and attached to them by angle bars . The first and third longitudinals from the middle line are intercostal, being fitted in short pieces between the frames and attached to the 15 in. deep of 33 lb per foot, riveted to the sheel-plating, which, with the channel floors, give very great local support to the bottom . This system of framing extends practically throughout the length of the vessel ; thus the bottom is very strong, and very large ballast tanks are formed, having a capacity of nearly 3000 tons . The upper deck is plated, and the stringers are made specially heavy, to compensate for the strength lost by cutting wide hatchways . Fig . 111 represents a modern British cargo steamer of ordinary construction, of about the same breadth and depth as the American British Lake steamer just described, and it will be interesting to note the differences between the two vessels . These differ- cargo steamer, ences, so far as the outside form is concerned, are chiefly that the British cargo steamer has deck erections, top-sides and a main deck, whereas the Lake steamer has scarcely any deck erections and no topsides, while her hold extends from the top of the inner bottom to the upper deck; they are due to the fact that the latter ship is only required to traverse inland waters, where heavy weather is not met with, whereas the former is an ocean-going vessel, and must be prepared to meet all conditions of wind and sea . As to the differences in the details of construction, they are chiefly that in the American Lake steamer the bottom framing, which is of great depth, consists of deep channel-frame bars, above which the longitudinals are continuous, instead of the usual transverse framing in the British ship, extending between the outer bottom and tank top; and that the margin plate continues the surface of the tank top out to the side, instead of being nearly vertical, as in the British ship . The system adopted in the American steamer conduces to security in case of grounding in the shallow waters through which she has to pass . The general construction of a large passenger vessel is shown by Atlantic fig . 112, which gives a perspective sectional view of the llaer, framing, &c. of the Cunard liner " Campania." The transverse frames and the girders or longitudinals extend in depth from the outer bottom plating to the inner bottom plating . The centre keelson, the second longitudinal from the middle line, and floor-plates by short angle bars .

The floor-plates have large holes cut in them to lighten them, and to give

access to the different spaces for inspection, painting, &c., and smaller holes for watercourses . From the margin plate the transverse frames consist of stout channel Plan . Elevation stringers, the strength of the frames is continued by gusset plates, as shown . Some further structural arrangements usually adopted in British ships are shown in figs . 113 to 115 . Fig . 113, to which reference has already been made, shows in detail the construction of a bulkhead, with the framing in wake of it, and the same details at an ordinary frame; also the stringers, beams, pillars, &c . The bulkhead itself stops at the tank top, being secured to it by double angle bars, and the fl9or immediately beneath it is- made water-tight . It would involve very costly work to make the bulkhead water-tight if the side and bilge stringers were made continuous; these have therefore been cut, and the continuity of the longitudinal strength is maintained, as far as possible, by the large brackets shown in the plan . Besides bulb stiffeners, the bulkhead is provided with built-up vertical stiffeners at AB and a built-up horizontal stiffener at CD . Fig . 114 shows the arrangement for special strengthening at the extreme fore end of a vessel, between the collision bulkhead and the stern, and below the main deck, these consisting chiefly of panting stringers, panting beams and breast hook .

Fig . 115 shows the general arrangement of stern framing of a single-

screw ship, including the shaft tunnel . A water-tight door, which can be closed when necessary from above the level of the outside water, shuts off communication between the engine-room and tunnel; the form of the stern post and aperture frame casting is shown, with its attachment to the centre keelson and other details . Figs .