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rest of his days . Serious illness followed the operations, and, his life being despaired of, he received the last sacraments on the 28th of See also:

JUNE

June . That See also:

NIGHT

night, however, he began to mend, and in a few days he was out of danger . During convalescence two books that were to See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence his life were brought to him . These were a Castilian See also:

TRANSLATION

translation of The Life of See also:

Christ by Ludolphus of See also:

Saxony, and the popular See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

Flowers of the See also:

SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of pious See also:

BIOGRAPHIES

biographies . He gradually became interested in these books, and a See also:

MENTAL

mental struggle began . Some-times he would pass See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours thinking of a certain illustrious See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, devising means of seeing her and of doing deeds that would win her favour; at other times the thoughts suggested by the books got the upper hand . He began to recognize that his career of arms was over: so he would become the See also:

knight of Christ . He determined to make the See also:

PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

Jerusalem and to practise all the austerities that he read of in The Flowers of the Saints . Expiating his sins was not so much his aim as to accomplish See also:

GREAT

great deeds for See also:

God . During the struggle that went on in his soul, he began to take See also:

note of his psychological See also:

state; and this was the first See also:

time that he exercised his See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason on spiritual things; the experience thus painfully gained he found of great use after-wards in directing others .

One night while he See also:

lay awake, he tells us, he saw the likeness of the Blessed Virgin with her divine Son; and immediately a loathing seized him for the former deeds of his life, especially for those See also:

RELATING

relating to carnal desires; and he asserts that for the future he never yielded to any such desires . This was the first of many visions . Ignatius proposed after returning from Jerusalem to join the Carthusian order at See also:

Seville as a lay brother . About the same time See also:

Martin See also:

LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther was in the full course of his protest against the papal supremacy and had already burnt the See also:

pope's See also:

bull at See also:

WORMS

Worms . The two opponents were girding themselves for the struggle; and what the See also:

Church of See also:

Rome was losing by the defection of the Augustinian was being counterbalanced by the See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the founder of the Society of Jesus . As soon as Ignatius had regained strength, he started ostensibly to rejoin the duke of Nagera, but in reality to visit the great See also:

BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

abbey of Montserrato, a famous See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of pilgrimage . On the way, he was joined by a See also:

MOOR

Moor, who began to jest at some of the See also:

Christian doctrines, especially at the perpetual virginity of the Blessed Virgin . Ignatius was no controversialist; and the Moor rode off victorious . The chivalrous nature of Ignatius was aroused . Seized with a longing to pursue and kill the Moor on See also:

account of his insulting See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, Ignatius, still doubting as to his best course, See also:

LEFT

left the See also:

MATTER

matter to his See also:

MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule, which at the dividing of the ways took the path to the abbey, leaving the open road which the Moor had taken . Before reaching Montserrato, Ignatius See also:

PURCHASED

purchased some sackcloth for a garment and hempen shoes, which, with a See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff and See also:

GOURD

gourd, formed the usual See also:

PILGRIM

pilgrim's See also:

DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress . Approaching the abbey he resolved to do as his favourite See also:

hero Amadis de See also:

Gaul did—keep a See also:

VIGIL (Lat. vigilia, "watch ")

vigil all night before the Lady See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar and then lay aside his worldly See also:

ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour to put on that of Christ .

He arrived at the abbey just about the feast of St See also:

Benedict (the 21st of See also:

March 1522), and there made a confession of his life to a priest belonging to the monastery . He found in use for the pilgrims a translation of the Spiritual Exercises of the former See also:

abbot, See also:

Garcia di Cisneros (d . 1510) ; and this See also:

BOOK

book evidently gave Ignatius the first See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of his more famous See also:

WORK

work under the same See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . Leaving his mule to the abbey, and giving away his worldly clothes to a See also:

BEGGAR

beggar, he kept his See also:

WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch in the church during the night of the 24th–25th of March, and placed on the Lady altar his See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and See also:

DAGGER

dagger . See also:

Early the next See also:

MORNING

morning he received the See also:

HOLY

Holy See also:

EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist and left before any one could recognize him, going to the neighbouring town of See also:

MANRESA

Manresa, where he first lived in the See also:

HOSPICE (Lat. hospitium, entertainment, hospitality, inn, hospes, host)

hospice . Here began a series of heavy spiritual trials which assailed him for many months . Seven hours a See also:

day he spent on his knees in See also:

prayer and three times a day he scourged his emaciated See also:

BODY

body . One day, almost overcome with scruples, he was tempted to end his miseries by See also:

SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . At another time, for the same reason, he kept an See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute fast for a See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . He tells us that, at this time, God wrought with him as a See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master with a schoolboy whom he teaches . But his energies were not confined to himself . He assisted others who came to him for spiritual See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice; and seeing the See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit reaped from helping his See also:

NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour, he gave up the extreme severities in which he had delighted and began to take more care of his See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, so as not needlessly to offend those whom he might influence for See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good .

During his stay at Manresa, he lived for the most See also:

PART

part in a See also:

CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell at the Dominican See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent; and here, evidently, he had severe illnesses . He recounts the details of at least two of these attacks, but says nothing about the much-quoted swoon of eight days, during which he is supposed to have seen in See also:

VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision the See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the future Society . Neither does he refer in any way to the famous See also:

cave in which, according to the Ignatian myth, the Spiritual Exercises were written . Fortunately we have the first-hand See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of his autobiography, which is a surer See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide than the lines written by untrustworthy disciples . Ignatius remained at Manresa for about a year, and in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1523 set out for See also:

BARCELONA

Barcelona on his way to Rome, where he arrived on See also:

Palm See also:

SUNDAY

Sunday . After two weeks he left, having received the blessing of Pope See also:

Adrian VI., and proceeded by See also:

PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua to See also:

Venice, where he begged his See also:

BREAD

bread and slept in the Piazza di See also:

San Marco until a See also:

rich Spaniard gave him shelter and obtained an order from the See also:

DOGE

doge for a passage in a pilgrim See also:

SHIP

ship See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for See also:

Cyprus, whence he could get to Jaffa . In due course Ignatius arrived at Jerusalem, where he intended to remain, in order continuously to visit the holy places and help souls . For this end he had obtained letters of recommendation to the See also:

GUARDIAN

guardian, to whom, however, he only spoke of his See also:

DESIRE

desire of satisfying his devotion, not hinting his other See also:

MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive . The See also:

FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans gave him no encouragement to remain; and the provincial threatened him with See also:

EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication if he persisted . Not only had the friars great difficulty in supporting themselves,but they dreaded an outbreak from the fanatical See also:

TURKS

Turks who resented some imprudent manifestations of Loyola's zeal . Ignatius returned to Venice in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of See also:

JANUARY

January 1524, and, determining to devote himself for a while to study, he set out for Barcelona, where he arrived in See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent . Here he consulted Isabella Roser, a lady of high See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and piety, and also the master of a See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school .

These both approved his See also:

plan; the one promised to See also:

TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him without See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment and the other to provide him with the necessaries of life . Here, in his See also:

THIRTY

thirty-third year, he began to learn Latin, and after two years his master urged him to go to See also:

ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala to begin See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . During his stay of a year and a See also:

HALF

half in this university, besides his classes, he found occasion to give to some companions his Spiritual Exercises in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form they had then taken and certain instructions in Christian See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine . On account of these discourses Ignatius came into conflict with the See also:

INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition . He and his companions were denounced as belonging to the sects of Sagati and See also:

ILLUMINATI (Lat. illuminare)

Illuminati . Their mode of life and dress was See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar and hinted at innovation . But, always ready to obey authority, Ignatius was able to disarm any charges that, now and at other times, were brought against him . The Inquisition merely advised him and his companions to dress in a less extraordinary manner and to go shod . Four months later he was suddenly See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison; and, after seventeen days, he learnt that he was falsely accused of sending two noble ladies on a pilgrimage to See also:

JAEN

Jaen . During their See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, from the 21st of See also:

APRIL

April 1527 to the 1st of June, he remained in prison, and was then set free with a See also:

PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition against instructing others until he had spent four years in study . Seeing his way thus barred at Alcala, he went with his companions to See also:

Salamanca . Here the See also:

DOMINICANS

Dominicans, doubting the orthodoxy of the new-comers, had them put into prison, where they were chained See also:

FOOT

foot to foot and fastened to a stake set up in the middle of the cell .

Some days afterwards Ignatius was examined and found without See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault . His See also:

PATIENCE

patience won him many See also:

friends; and when he and his companions remained in prison while the other prisoners managed to See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, their conduct excited much admiration . After twenty-two days they were called up to receive See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence . No fault was found in their life and teaching; but they were forbidden to define any sins as being mortal or venial until they had studied for four years . Hampered again by such an order, Ignatius determined to go to See also:

Paris to continue his studies . Up to the See also:

PRESENT

present he was far from having any idea of See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a society . The only question before him now was whether he should join an order, or continue his wandering existence . He decided upon Paris for the present, and before leaving Salamanca he agreed with his companions that they should wait where they were until he returned; for he only meant to see whether he could find any means by which they all might give themselves to study . He left Barcelona and, travelling on foot to Paris, he arrived there in See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1528, The university of Paris had reached its See also:

ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith at the time of the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

Constance (1418), and was now losing its intellectual leadership under the attacks of the See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance and the See also:

Reformation . In 1521 the university had condemned Luther's Babylonish Captivity, and in 1527 See also:

ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus's Colloquies met with the same See also:

FATE

fate . Soon after his arrival, Ignatius may have seen in the Place de Greve the burning of See also:

Louis de Berquin for See also:

HERESY

heresy) . At this See also:

period there were between twelve and fifteen thousand students attending the university, and the life was an extraordinary mixture of licentiousness and devout zeal .

When Ignatius arrived in Paris, he lodged at first with some See also:

FELLOW

fellow-countrymen; and for two years attended the lectures on humanities at the See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college de Montaigu, supporting himself at first by the charity of Isabella Roser; but, a fellow-lodger defrauding him of his stock, he found himself destitute and compelled to beg his bread . He retired to the hospice I Louis de Berquin, who died on the 17th of April 1529, belonged to a noble family of See also:

ARTOIS

Artois . He was a See also:

man of exemplary life and a friend of Erasmus and the humanists, besides being a persona grata at the court of See also:

LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise of See also:

Savoy and See also:

Francis I . His See also:

main offence was that he attacked the monks and See also:

clergy, and that he advocated the reading of the Scriptures by the See also:

PEOPLE

people in the vulgar See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue.—(W . A . P.) of St Jacques; and, following the advice of a See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

monk, spent his vacations in See also:

FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, where he was helped by the rich Spanish merchants . At See also:

BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges he became acquainted with the famous Spanish See also:

SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, Juan Luis See also:

VIVES, JUAN LUIS (1492-1540)

Vives, with whom he lodged . In the summer of 1530 he went to See also:

LONDON

London, where he received See also:

ALMS

alms more abundantly than elsewhere . As he could only support himself at Paris with difficulty, it was impossible to send for his companions in Salamanca . Others, however, joined him in Paris, and to some of them he gave the Spiritual Exercises, with the result that the Inquisition made him give up speaking on religious subjects during the time he was a student . At the end of 1529 he came into contact with the men who were eventually to become the first fathers of the Society of Jesus . He won over the Savoyard See also:

PIERRE

Pierre Lefevre (See also:

Faber), whose See also:

ROOM

room he shared, and the Navarrese Francis See also:

XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier, who taught philosophy in the college of St See also:

BARBARA, SAINT

Barbara .

Afterwards he became acquainted with the young Castilian, Diego See also:

LAYNEZ (or LAINEZ), DIEGO (1512-1565)

Laynez, who had heard of him at Acala and found him out in Paris . With Laynez came two other young men, the Toledan Alfonso Salmeron and the Portuguese See also:

Simon See also:

RODRIGUEZ (officially RODRIGUES)

Rodriguez . See also:

Nicholas Bobadilla, a poor Spaniard who had finished his studies, was the next to join him . The little See also:

COMPANY

company of seven determined to consecrate their See also:

union by vows . On the 15th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1534, the Feast of the See also:

ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption, they assembled in the See also:

CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt of the church of St See also:

Mary on Montmartre, and Faber, the only one who was a priest, said See also:

Mass . They then took the vows of poverty and chastity, and pledged themselves to go to the Holy See also:

LAND

Land as missionaries or for the purpose of tending the sick; or if this See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design should prove impracticable, to go to Rome and place themselves at the disposal of the pope for any purpose . But, whatever may have been the private opinion of Ignatius, there was on this occasion no See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of any society . The vows were individual obligations which could be kept quite apart from membership in a society . A See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was made that if, after waiting a year at Venice, they were unable to go to Jerusalem, this part of the See also:

VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow should be cancelled and they should at once betake themselves to Rome . At this time Ignatius was again suffering from his former imprudent austerities; and he was urged to return for a while to his native See also:

air . He left Paris for See also:

Spain in the autumn of 1535, leaving Faber in See also:

charge of his companions to finish their studies . During the absence of Ignatius, Faber gained three more adherents .

But before leaving Paris Ignatius heard once more that complaints had been lodged against him at the Inquisition; but these like the others were found to be without any foundation . When he arrived near Loyola he would not go to the castle, but lived at the public hospice at Azpeitia, and began his usual life of teaching Christian doctrine and reforming morals . Falling See also:

ill again he went to other parts of Spain to transact business for his companions . Then, sailing from See also:

Valencia to See also:

GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, he made his way to Venice, where he arrived during the last days of 1535 . Here he waited for a year until his companions could join him, and meanwhile he occupied himself in his usual good See also:

WORKS

works, gaining several more companions and See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting Giovanni See also:

PIERO (1443—1496)

Piero Caraffa, afterwards See also:

Paul IV., who had lately founded the Theatines . What happened between the two does not appear; but henceforth -Caraffa seems to have borne ill will towards Ignatius and his companions . At Venice Ignatius was again accused of heresy, and it was said that he had escaped from the Inquisition in Spain and had been burnt in effigy at Paris . These charges he met successfully by insisting that the See also:

NUNCIO

nuncio should thoroughly inquire into the matter . After a See also:

JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of fifty-four days his companions arrived at Venice in January 1537; and here they remained until the beginning of Lent, when Ignatius sent them to Rome to get See also:

MONEY

money for the proposed voyage to See also:

PALESTINE

Palestine . He himself stayed behind, as he feared that, if he went with them, Caraffa at Rome, together with Dr Ortiz, a See also:

German opponent in Paris and now Charles V.'s See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at the Vatican, would See also:

PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice the pope against them . But Ortiz proved a friend and presented them to Paul III., who gave them leave to go to Palestine to preach the See also:

GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, bestowing upon them abundant alms . Helikewise gave See also:

LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence for those not yet priests to be ordained by any See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

catholic See also:

bishop on the title of poverty .

They had returned to Venice where Ignatius and the others were ordained priests on the 24th of June 1537, after having renewed their vows of poverty and chastity to the See also:

legate Verallo . Ignatius, now a priest, waited for eighteen months before saying Mass, which he did for the first time on the 25th of December 1538 in the church of See also:

SANTA

Santa Maria See also:

MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore in Rome . The year of waiting passed away without any See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of going to the Holy Land . Finding it impossible to keep this part of their vow, the fathers met at See also:

VICENZA

Vicenza, where Ignatius was staying in a ruined monastery; and here after deliberation it was deter-See also:

MINED

mined that he, Laynez and Faber should go to Rome to place the little See also:

BAND

band at the disposal of the pope . It was now that the Society began to take some visible form . A See also:

COMMON

common See also:

RULE

rule was devised and a name adopted . Ignatius declared that having assembled in the name of Jesus, the association should henceforth See also:

bear the name of the " Company of Jesus." The word used shows Loyola's military ideal of the duties and methods of the nascent society . On the road to Rome a famous vision took place, as to which we have the evidence of Ignatius himself . In a certain church, a few See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles before Rome, whilst in prayer he was aware of a stirring and a See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in his soul; and so openly did he see God the See also:

FATHER

Father placing him with Christ, that he could not dare to doubt that' God the Father had so placed him . Subsequent writers add that Christ, looking at him with a benign countenance, said: " I shall be propitious to you "; while others add the significant words, " at Rome." Ignatius, however, says nothing about so important a matter; indeed he understood the vision to mean that many things would be adverse to them, and told his companions when they reached the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city that he saw the windows there closed against him . He also said: " We must of See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity proceed with caution; and we must not make the acquaintance of women unless they be of very high rank." They arrived in Rome in See also:

OCTOBER

October 1537; and lived at first in a little cottage in a vineyard and near the Trinity dei Monti . The pope appointed Faber to teach Holy Scripture, and Laynez scholastic See also:

THEOLOGY

theology, in the university of the Sapienza .

Ignatius was left free to carry on his spiritual work, which became so large that he was obliged to See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call his other companions to Rome . During the absence of the pope, a certain See also:

HERMIT

hermit began to spread heresy and was opposed by Ignatius and his companions . In revenge the hermit brought up the former accusations concerning the relations to the Inquisition, and proclaimed Ignatius and his friends to be false, designing men and no better than concealed heretics . The matter was examined and the legate ordered the suit to be quashed . But this did not suit Ignatius . It was necessary for his own good repute and the future of his work that a definitive sentence should be pronounced and his name cleared once and for all . The legate demurred; but on the pope's return sentence was formally given in his favour . The life of Ignatius is now mainly identified with the formation and growth of his Society (see See also:

JESUITS

JESUITS), but his zeal found other outlets in Rome . He founded institutions for rescuing fallen women, started orphanages and organized catechetical instructions . He obtained, after difficulty, the See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official recognition of his Society from Paul III. on the 27th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1540, and successfully steered it through many perils that beset it in its early days . He was unanimously elected the first See also:

general in April 1541; and on the 22nd of that See also:

month received the first vows of the Society in the church of San See also:

PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo fuori la mura . Two works now chiefly occupied the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life: the final completion of the Spiritual Exercises and the See also:

DRAWING

drawing up of the Constitutions, which received their final form after his See also:

DEATH

death .

These two are so constantly connected that the one cannot be understood without the other . The Constitutions are discussed in the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on the Jesuits . In these he taught his followers to See also:

RESPOND

respond to the call; by the Spiritual Exercises he moulded their See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The Book of the Spiritual Exercises has been one of the See also:

WORLD

world-moving books . In its strict conception it is only an application of the Gospel precepts to the individual soul . Its See also:

OBJECT

object is to convince a man of See also:

sin, of See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and of See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment . The idea of the book is not See also:

ORIGINAL

original to Ignatius At Montserrato he had found in use a popular translation of the Exercitatorio de la vide spiritual (1500), written in Latin by Abbot Garcias de Cisneros (d . 1510), and divided into three ways or periods during which purity of soul, enlightenment and union are to be worked for; a See also:

FOURTH

fourth part is added on contemplation . This book evidently afforded the See also:

root idea of the Ignatian and more famous book . But the See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences are great . While taking the title, the idea of See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division by periods and the subjects of most of the meditations from the older work, Ignatius skilfully adapted it to his own requirements . Above all the methods of the two are essentially different .

The Benedictine work follows the old monastic tradition of the See also:

DIRECT