See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone slab laid on a See also:

• GRAVE

grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic  h is unknown, the See also:

• LAT

Lat. lapis, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, or See also:

• LAWS

laws, praise, in the sense of See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph, have been suggested), properly a four equal-sided figure, having two acute and two obtuse angles, a rhomb or " See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond." The figure is frequently used as a bearing in See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry and especially as a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield so shaped on which the arms of a widow or spinster are emblazoned . It is used also to denote the diamond-shaped facets of a See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stone when cut, also the diamond panes of a See also:

• CASEMENT (from a Lat. form casamentum)

casement window . In the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the " See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge See also:

• PATTERN

pattern " was a favourite See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design for decoration . The word is also applied to a small tablet of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, originally diamond shaped, containing either medical drugs or some See also:

• SIMPLE

simple flavouring, or to a tablet of any concentrated substance, such as a See also:

• MEAT

meat-lozenge . In the reign of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland (1406-1437) a Scotch See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin having a lozenge-shaped shield with the arms of Scotland on the obverse See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side was called athe highest point is 4826 ft . The See also:

• CAUSSES (from Lat. calx through local Fr. caous, meaning " lime ")

causses of See also:

• LOZERE

Lozere, having an See also:

• AREA

area of about 564 sq. m., are calcareous, fissured and arid, but separated from each other by deep and well-watered See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges, contrasting with the desolate aspect of the plateaus . The causse of Sauveterre, between the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot and the See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn, ranges from 3000 to 3300 ft. in height; that of Mejan has nearly the same See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude, but has peaks some r000 ft. higher . Between these two causses the Tarn valley is among the most picturesque in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Lozere is watered entirely by See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers rising within its own boundaries, being in this respect unique . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Lozere varies greatly with the locality . The mean temperature of See also:

• MENDE

Mende (50° F.) is below that of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; that of the mountains is always See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, but on the causses the summer is scorching and the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter severe; in the See also:

• CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes the climate becomes mild enough at their See also:

• BASE

base (656 ft.) to permit the growth of the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive . See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain falls in violent storms, causing disastrous floods .

On the Mediterranean versant there are 76 in., in the See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin 46 and in that of the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire only 28 . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese-making are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief occupations . Bees are kept, and, among the Cevennes, silkworms . Large quantities of chestnuts are exported from the Cevennes, where they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an important See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• DIET

diet . In the valley of the Lot See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit are the chief products; elsewhere See also:

• RYE

rye is the chief cereal, and oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, meslin and potatoes are also grown . Fruit trees and leguminous See also:

• PLANTS

plants are irrigated by small canals (beals) on terraces made and maintained with much labour . See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

Lead, See also:

• ZINC

zinc and See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony are found . Saw-milling, the manufacture of wooden shoes and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning are carried on; otherwise See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are few and unimportant . Of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs, those of Bagnols-See also:

• LES

les-Bains are most frequented . The See also:

• LINE

line of the Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon See also:

• COMPANY

company from Paris to See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes traverses the eastern border of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, which is also served by the Midi railway with the line from Neussargues to See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers via Marvejols . The arrondissements are Mende, Florac and Marvejols; the cantons number 24, the communes 198 . Lozere forms the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Mende and See also:

• PART

part of the ecclesiastical See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ALBI

Albi .

It falls within the region of the XVI. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, the circumscriptions of the academie (educational See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) of See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier and the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Nimes . Mende (q.v.) is its most important See also:

• TOWN

town . LUANG-PRABANG, a town of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Lao See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of that name, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Me See also:

• KONG

Kong See also:

• RIVER

river . It lies at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine, holy)

pagoda See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill which rises about 200 ft. above the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain on the promontory of See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which the Nam Kan winds to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main river . It has a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 9000 and contains the " See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace " of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the state and several pagodas . In 1887 it was taken and sacked by the Haw or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Flags, robber bands of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese soldiery, many of them survivors of the Taiping See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . In 1893 See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam was compelled to renounce her claims to the left bank of the Me Kong, including Luang-Prabang and the magnificent See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of Chieng Kwang . That portion of the state which was on the right bank of the Me Kong was not affected by the treaty, except in so far as a portion of it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell within the sixteen See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles' See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone within which Siam agreed not to keep troops . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade is in the hands of Chinese or Shan traders; hill See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and other See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle products are imported from the surrounding districts by the Kha or hill See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The exports, which include See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

benjamin, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• WAX

wax, sticklac, See also:

• CUTCH, GULF OF
• CUTCH, or KACH
• CUTCH, RUNN OF, or RANN OF KACH

cutch, cardamon, a little See also:

• EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

ebony, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer horns, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe, formerly all passed by way of Paklai to the Me Nam, and so to See also:

• BANGKOK

Bangkok, but have now almost entirely ceased to follow that route, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government being to deflect the trade through French territory . Luang-Prabang is the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the upper Me Kong and the centre of trade thereon .