See also:

• GIROLAMO (1450-1486)

GIROLAMO See also:

• GIROLAMO LUCCHESINI (1751-1825)

LUCCHESINI (1751-1825)  , Prussian diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca on the 7th of May 1751, the eldest son of See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis See also:

• LUCCHESINI, GIROLAMO (1751-1825)

Lucchesini . In 1779 he went to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin where See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great gave him a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, making use of him in his See also:

• LITERARY

literary relations with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II., who recognized his gifts for See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, sent him in 1787 to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to obtain the papal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction for the appointment of a coadjutor to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, with a view to strengthening the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Fiirstenbund . In 1788 he was sent to See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, and brought about a rapprochement with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and a diminution of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence at Warsaw . He was accredited See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland on the 12th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1789 . Frederick William was at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time intriguing with See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, then at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . Lucchesini was to rouse See also:

• POLISH

Polish feeling against Russia, and to secure for Prussia the concourse of Poland in the event of war with Austria and Russia . All his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of intrigue was needed in the conduct of these hazardous negotiations, rendered more difficult by the fact that Prussian policy excluded the existence of a strong Polish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . A Prusso-Polish See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance was concluded in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1790 . Lucchesini had been sent in See also:

• JANUARY

January of that See also:

• YEAR

year to secure the alliance of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony against Austria, and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September he was sent to See also:

• SISTOVA (Bulg. Svishtov)

Sistova, where representatives of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were engaged in settling the terms of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between Austria and Turkey, which were finally agreed upon on the 4th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1991 . Before he returned to Warsaw the Polish treaty of which he had been the chief author had become a dead See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter owing to the engagements made between Prussia and Austria at See also:

• REICHENBACH
• REICHENBACH, GEORG VON (1772–1826)

Reichenbach in See also:

• JULY

July 1790, and Prussia was already contemplating the second See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Poland . He was recalled at the end of 1791, and in July 1792 he joined Frederick William in the invasion of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France .

He was to be Prussian ambassador in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris when the allied forces should have reinstated the authority of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI . He was opposed alike to the invasion of France and the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian alliance, but his prepossessions did not interfere with his skilful conduct of the negotiations with See also:

• KELLERMANN, FRANCOIS CHRISTOPHE DE (1735-1820)

Kellermann after the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies had been forced to retire by See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez's guns at Valmy, nor with his success in securing the See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt's assistance against France . In 1793 he was appointed ambassador to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, with the ostensible See also:

• OBJECT

object of securing See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial assistance for the Rhenish See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . He accompanied Frederick William through the Polish campaign of 1793-94, and in the autumn returned to Vienna . His See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Austrian See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias made him extremely unpopular with the Austrian court, which asked in vain for his recall in 1795 . In 1797, after a visit to Italy in which he had an interview with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, these demands were renewed and acceded to . In ,800 he was sent by Frederick William III. on a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• MISSION

mission to Paris . Despatches in which he expressed his distrust of See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's peaceful professions and his conviction of the danger of the continuance of a neutral policy were intercepted by the first See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, who sought his recall, but eventually accepted him as See also:

• REGULAR

regular ambassador (1802) . He consistently sought friendly relations between France and Prussia, but he warned his government in 18o6 of Napoleon's intention of restoring See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. and of See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat's aggressions in See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia . He was superseded as ambassador in . Paris in September just before the outbreak of war . After the disaster of See also:

• JENA

Jena on the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October he had an interview with See also:

• DUROC, GERAUD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL

Duroc near See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg to seek terms of peace .

After two unsuccessful attempts at negotiation, the first draft being refused by Napoleon, the second by Frederick William, he joined the Prussian court at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg only to learn that his services were no longer required . He then joined the court of Elisa, See also:

• GRAND

grand duchess of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, at Lucca and See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, and after Napoleon's fall devoted himself to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . He died on the 20th of October 1825 . He published in 1819 three volumes, See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

Suite cause et gli effetti della confederazione rizenana, at Florence, but revealed little that was not already available in printed See also:

• SOURCES

sources . His See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs remained in MS . His despatches are edited by Bailleu in Preussen and Frankreich (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1887, Publikationen aus den preussischen Staatsarchiven) .