See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)  , one of the cantons of central See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 579.3 sq. m., of which 53o•2 sq. m. are classed as " productive " (forests covering 120.4 sq. m., and vineyards •o4 sq. m.) . It contains no glaciers or eternal snows, its highest points being the Brienzer Rothhorn (7714 ft.) and See also:

• PILATUS, LEO, or LEONTIUS [LEONZIo PILATO] (d. 1366)

Pilatus (6995 ft.), while the Rothstock See also:

• SUMMIT

summit (5453 ft.) and the Kaltbad See also:

• INN

inn, both on the Rigi, are included in the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton, the loftiest point of the Rigi range (the See also:

• KULM (Cu1,M)

Kulm) being entirely in See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz . The shape of the canton is an irregular See also:

• QUADRILATERAL

quadrilateral, due to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual acquisition of rural districts by the See also:

• TOWN

town, which is its See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical centre . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion, about 151 sq. m., of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne is in the canton . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RIVER

river is the See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss, which flows through it for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance only receiving the Kleine Emme that flows down through the Entlebuch . In the northern See also:

• PART

part the Wigger, the Suhr and the Wynen streams flow through shallow valleys, separated by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills . The canton is fairly well supplied with See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The lakes of See also:

• SEMPACH

Sempach and Baldegg are wholly within the canton, which also takes in small portions of those of Hallwil and of See also:

• ZUG
• ZUG (Fr. Zoug)
• ZUG, LAKE OF

Zug . In 1900 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population numbered 146,519, of which 143,337 were See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, 2204 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking and 747 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking, while 134,020 were Romanists, 12,085 Protestants and 319 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is Lucerne (q.v.); the other towns are Kriens (pop . 5951), Willisau (4131), Ruswil (3928), Littau (3699), Emmen (3162) and Escholzmatt (3127) .

The peasants are a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• RACE

race, and outside the chief centres for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign visitors have retained much of their See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive simplicity of See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and many See also:

• LOCAL

local costumes . In the Entlebuch particularly the men are of a robust type, and are much devoted to See also:

• WRESTLING (O. Eng. wrcestlian)

wrestling and other athletic exercises . That See also:

• DISTRICT

district is mainly See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral and is famous for its See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese . Elsewhere in the canton the pastoral See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry (including See also:

• SWINE

swine-breeding) is more extended than See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, while chiefly in and around Lucerne there are a number of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments . The industrie See also:

• DES

des strangers is greatly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in places frequented by foreign visitors . The population as a whole is Conservative in politics and devotedly Romanist in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But owing to the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of many non-Lucerne hotel-keepers and their servants in the town of Lucerne the capital is politically See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical . The canton ranks officially third in the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation next after See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich and See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern . It was formerly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese or See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, and is now in that of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . It contains 5 administrative districts and 107 communes . The existing cantonal 529 French-speaking persons) and Romanists (in 1900 there were 4933 Protestants and 299 Jews) . The See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the town was a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery, founded ab out 750 on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Reuss by the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Murbach in See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, of which it See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained a " See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell." It is first mentioned in a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of 84o under the name of " Luciaria," which is probably derived from that of the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of the monastery, St Leger or Leodegar (in O .

Ger . Leodegar or Lutgar)—the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form " Lucerrun " is first found in 1252 . Under the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of this monastery there See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up a small See also:

• VILLAGE

village . The germs of a municipal constitution appear in 1252, while the growing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Habsburgs in the neighbourhood weakened the ties that See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound Lucerne to Murbach . In 1291 the Habsburgs finally See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased Lucerne from Murbach, an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act that led a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks later to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Swiss Confederation, of which Lucerne became the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth member (the first town to be included) in 1332 . But it did not get rid of all traces of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg domination till after the glorious victory of Sempach (1386) . That victory led also to the gradual acquisition of territory ruled by and from the town . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation Lucerne slave to the old faith, of which ever since it has been the See also:

• GREAT

great stronghold in Switzerland . The papal See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio resided here from 16o1 to 1873 . In the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as elsewhere in Switzerland, the town See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of an aristocratic See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy, whose power, though shaken by the great See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant revolt (1653) in the Entlebuch, lasted till 1798 . Under the Helvetic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic (1798-1803) Lucerne was the seat of the central government, under the Act of See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

Mediation (1803-1814) one of the six " Directorial " cantons and from 1815 to 1848 one of the three ruling cantons . The patrician government was swept away by the cantonal constitution of 1831 .

But in 1841 the Conservatives regained power, called in the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits (1844) and so brought about the Sonderbund See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1847) in which they were defeated, the decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne . Since 1848 Lucerne has been in disfavour with the Radicals who See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the federal government, and has not been chosen as the site of any great federal institution . The Radicals lost power in the canton in 1871, after which date the Conservatives became predominant in the canton, though in the town the Radicals were in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . See J . J . Blumer, Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte d. schweiz . Demokratien (3 vols., St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall, 1850–1859) ; A . L . Gassmann, Das Volkslied See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Luzerner Wiggerthal u . See also:

• HINTERLAND (German for " the land behind ")

Hinterland (Basel, 1906) ; Geschichtsfreund (See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the Historical Society of the See also:

• FOREST

Forest Cantons) from 1843 . A. von Liebenau, Charakterbilder aus Luzern's Vergangenheit (2 vols., Lucerne, 1884–1891); T. von Liebenau, Das alte Luzern (Lucerne, 1881) and " Der luzernische Bauernkrieg vom 1653 " (3 articles in vols. xviii.-xx., 1893–1895, of the Jahrbuch f . Schweizerische Geschichte); Heimathkunde See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur den Kanton Luzern (6 vols., Lucerne, 1867–1883) ; A .

Liftoff, Sagen, Brauche, Legenden aus d . Funf Orlen (Lucerne, 1862); K . Pfyffer, Der Kanton Luzern (2 vols., 1E58–1859) and Geschichte d . Stadt u . Kanton Luzern (2 vols., new ed., 1861); A . P. von Segesser, Rechtsgeschichte d . Stadt u . Republik Luzern (4 vols., 1850–1858) and 45 Jahre (1841–1887) im Luzernischen Staatsdienst (Bern, 1887); J . See also:

• SOWERBY, JAMES (1757–1822)

Sowerby, The Forest Cantons of Switzerland (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1892) . (W . A . B .