See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek satirist of the See also:

• SILVER

Silver See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age of Greek literature, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SAMOSATA (Eau6vara, -arum, Ptol. v. 15 § r 1 ; Strabo xvi. 749)

Samosata on the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . He tells us in the Somnium or Vita Luciani, 1, that, his means being small, he was at first apprenticed to his maternal See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, a statuary, or rather sculptor of the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone pillars called See also:

• HERMAE

Hermae . Having made an unlucky beginning by breaking a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble slab, and having been well beaten for it, he absconded and returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Here he had a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream or See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of two See also:

• WOMEN

women, representing Statuary and Literature . Both plead their cause at length, setting forth the advantages and the prospects of their respective professions; but the youth chooses Ilatbela, and decides to pursue learning . For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he seems to have made See also:

• MONEY

money as a prirwp, following the example of See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, on whose merits and patriotism he expatiates in the See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue Demosihenis Encomium . He was very See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and he must have well studied their teachings; but he lashes them all alike, the See also:

• CYNICS

Cynics, perhaps, being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of his derision . See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian was not only a sceptic; he was a scoffer and a downright unbeliever . He See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that men's actions and conduct always fall far See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of their professions and therefore he concluded that the professions themselves were worthless, and a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise to secure popularity or respect . Of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity he shows some knowledge, and it must have been somewhat largely professed in Syria at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century.' In thel See also:

• PHILOPATRIS

Philopatris (q.v.), though the dialogue so called is generally regarded as See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious, there is a statement of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Trinity,2 and the " Galilaean who had ascended to the third See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven " (12), and " renewed " (avercaivusev) by the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism, may possibly allude to St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul . The doctrines of the Aoyor and the " See also:

• LIGHT

Light of the See also:

• WORLD

world," and that See also:

• GOD

God is in heaven making a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ' In the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (25) we are told that the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, due See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Syria, was " full of Christians." 2 Philopatris, !I2, t laisgovra AsLv i yav & 5porov obpavL,va, vide liar pas, I vellisa !K irarpJ, EKiropsvbpsvov, gv EK -rpiwv Kal l tv/S rpta, a passage which bears on the controverted procession "a Patre Filioque." remember that the whole moral See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, the entire " See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," was included, in the estimation of the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan Greek, in the various schools of philosophy . As these were generally rivals, and the systems they taught were more or less directly antagonistic, truth presented itself to the inquirer, not as one, but as manifold .

The absurdity and the impossibility of this forms the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of all Lucian's writings . He could only See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one conclusion, viz. that there is no such thing as truth . One of the best written and most amusing See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of antiquity is Lucian's True See also:

• HISTORY

History, forming a rather See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long narrative in two books, which suggested See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift's Gulliver's Travels, See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais's Voyage of Pantagruel and Cyrano de See also:

• BERGERAC

Bergerac's See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

Journey to the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

Moon . It is composed, the author tells us in a brief introduction, not only as a pastime and a diversion from severer studies, but avowedly as a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on the poets and logographers who had written so many marvellous tales . He names See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias and See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer; but See also:

• HELLANICUS

Hellanicus and See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, perhaps other >toyorowoi still earlier, appear to have been in his mind.' The only true statement in his History, he wittily says (p . 72), is that it contains nothing but lies from beginning to end . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main purport of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is to describe a voyage to the moon . He set out, he tells us, with fifty companions, in a well-provisioned See also:

• SHIP

ship, from the " Pillars of See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules," intending to explore the western ocean . After eighty days' rough sailing they came to an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island on which they found a Greek inscription, " This was the limit of the expedition of Heracles and See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus "; and the visit of the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-god seemed attested by some miraculous vines which they found there . After leaving the island they were suddenly carried up, ship and all, by a whirlwind into the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, and on the eighth See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day came in sight of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round island shining with a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright light (p . 77), and lying a little above the moon . In a short time they are arrested by a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of gigantic " See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-vultures " and brought as captives to the " man in the moon," who proves to be See also:

• ENDYMION

Endymion .

He is engaged in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the inhabitants of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, which is ruled by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• PHAETHON (Gr. gSaEBwv, shining, radiant)

Phaethon, the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel having arisen from an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to colonize the See also:

• PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet See also:

• VENUS

Venus (See also:

• LUCIFER (d. 370/1)
• LUCIFER (the Latinized form of Gr. 4scwo'4 bpos, " light-bearer ")

Lucifer) . The voyagers are enlisted as " Moonites," and a long description follows of the monsters and flying dragons engaged in the contest . A fight ensues, in which the slaughter is so great that the very clouds are tinged with red (p . 84) . The Iong description of the inhabitants of the moon is extremely droll and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . After descending safely into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, the ship is swallowed by a huge " sea See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent " more than roo See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles long . The adventures during the long confinement in the creature's belly are most amusing; but at last they See also:

• SAIL

sail out through the chinks between the See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster's See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, and soon find themselves at the " Fortunate Islands." Here they meet with the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of heroes and philosophers of antiquity, on whom the author expatiates at some length . The See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale comes to an abrupt end with an allusion to Herodotus in the promise that he " will tell the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest in his next books." Another curious and rather long See also:

• TREATISE

treatise is entitled Aoktos iI "Ovos, the authorship of which is regarded as doubtful . Parts of the story are coarse enough; the point turns on one See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius visiting in a Thessalian See also:

• FAMILY

family, in which the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was a sorceress . Having seen her changed into a See also:

• BIRD

bird by See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing herself with some potent See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug, he resolves to try a similar experiment on himself, but finds that he has become an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, retaining, however, his human senses and memory . The See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake arose from his having filched the wrong ointment; however, he is assured by the attendant, See also:

• PALAESTRA (Gr. aaXaiarpa)

Palaestra, that if he can but procure See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses to eat, his natural form will be restored . In the See also:

• NIGHT

night a party of bandits break into the house and carry off the stolen goods into the mountains on the back of the unfortunate donkey, who gets well beaten for stumbling on the rough road .

Seeing, as he fancies, some roses in a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, he goes in quest of them, He says (p . 127) that he saw punished in Hades, more severely than any other sinners, writers of false narratives, among whom were Ctesias of See also:

• CNIDUS (mod. Tekir)

Cnidus and Herodotus . Yet in the short See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay inscribed Herodotus (p . 831), he wishes it were possible for him to imitate the many excellencies of that writer . and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad actions of men,1 seem to have come from the same doubtful authorship . To understand them aright we must source, though the notion of a written See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of human actions to be used in See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment was familiar to See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus and See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides . As a satirist and a wit Lucian occupies in See also:

• PROSE

prose literature the unique position which See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes holds in Greek See also:

• POETRY

poetry . But whether he is a mere satirist, who laughs while he lashes, or a misanthrope, who hates while he derides, is not very clear . In favour of the former view it may be said that the two main See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of his ridicule are See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology and the sects of philosophy; in favour of the latter, his See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter exposure of imposture and chicanery in the Alexander, and the very severe attacks he makes on the " See also:

• HUMBUG

humbug " of philosophy,2 which he everywhere assails with the most acrimonious and contefnptuous epithets . As a writer Lucian is fluent, easy and unaffected, and a close follower of the best See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

• MODELS

models, such as See also:

• PLATO

Plato and the orators . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is simpler than See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's, and some of his compositions, especially the Dialogues of the Gods (pp . 204-287) and of the Marine Deities (288-327), and, above all, the Dialogues of the Dead (329-454), are models of witty, polished and accurate Greek See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition .

Not less See also:

• CLEVER

clever, though rather lax in morality, are the iraLpucol &b.Xoyoi (pp . 280-325), which remind us somewhat of the letters of See also:

• ALCIPHRON

Alciphron . The sarcasms on the popular mythology, the conversations of See also:

• PLUTO (IlXoirrwv)

Pluto, See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, See also:

• CHARON

Charon and others of the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in Hades, show a See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive disbelief in any future See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of existence . The See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model Lucian followed in these dialogues, as well in the style as in the sparkling and playful repartee, was the Platonic conversations, founded on the See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, of which the dialogue may be called the prose representative . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle never adopted it, perhaps regarding it as beneath the true dignity of philosophy . The dialogue, in fact, was revived and improved by Lucian,3 the old traditions of the )oyoirotoi and Xoyoypau¢oe, and, above all, the immense See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric as an See also:

• ART

art, having thrown some discredit on a style of composition which, as introduced by Plato, had formed quite a new era in Greek prose composition . For rhetoric loved to talk, expatiate and declaim, while See also:

• DIALECTIC, or DIALECTICS

dialectic strove to refute by the employment of question and See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, often in the briefest form . Lucian evinces a perfect mastery over a See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language as wonderful in its inflections as in its immense and varied vocabulary; and it is a well-merited praise of the author to say that to a good Greek See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar the pages of Lucian are almost as easy and as entertaining as an See also:

• ENGLISH

English or See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French novel . It is true that he employs some forms and compounds which were not in use in the time of Plato or Demosthenes, and, as one who lived under See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RULE

rule, has a tendency towards Latinisms . But his own sentiments on the propriety of diction are shown by his reproof to Lexiphanes, " if anywhere you have picked up an out-of-the-way word, or coined one which you think good, you labour to adapt the sense of it, and think it a loss if you do not succeed in dragging it in somewhere, even when it it not really wanted." Lucian founded his style, or obtained his fluency, from the successful study of rhetoric, by which he appears to have made a good income from composing speeches which attracted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . At a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in See also:

• LIFE

life he seems to have held a lucrative legal See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, which he retained till his See also:

• DEATH

death . His extant See also:

• WORKS

works are so numerous that of some of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal only a short See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch can be given .

More than 8o pieces have come down to us under his name (including three collections of 71 shorter dialogues), of which about 20 are spurious or of ' Philopatris, 13 . Aesch . Eum . 265, SeXroypl4x, SE ,ravr' See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

Ear,nr ¢pevi . 2 In Hermotimus (51) Hermotimus says to Lycinus (who must be assumed to represent Lucian himself), u8plorits aei n, Kai ol,K oil' S rl 7raBwv 'µLOELS (11LX0ao(ptav sal is roes ctaXoao4,oUvrae ll7roescnrTEls . In Icaromenippus (5; see also 29) he says he always guessed who were the best See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical philosophers " by their sour-faced looks, their paleness of complexion and the length of their beards." 3 He says (speaking as Zi,pos in Bis accusatus, 34) that he found dialogue somewhat out of repute from the too numerous questions (i.e. employed by Plato), and brought it up to a more human and natural See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, substituting banter and ,repartee for dialectic quibbles and close logical reasoning . and again gets beaten as a thief by the gardener (p . 585) . After many adventures with the bandits, he attempts to run away, but is caught . A See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council is held, and he is condemned to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die together with a See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive girl who had essayed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape on his back . Suddenly, however, soldiers appear, and the bandits are arrested (p . 595) .

Again the ass escapes " to the great and populous See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Beroea in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia " (p.6o3) . Here he is sold to a strolling conjurer, afterwards to a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardener; and both experiences are alike painful . Again he passes into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

cook, where he gets See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat and sleek on See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food more suited to his concealed humanity than the hard fare he has of See also:

• LATE

late lived upon (p.614) . At last, during an See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition in the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, he See also:

• SEES

sees some roses being carried past, and, making a successful See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush to devour them, he recovers his former shape . " I am Lucius," he exclaims to the wondering See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the exhibition, " and my See also:

• BROTHER

brother's name is See also:

• CAIUS
• CAIUS [Anglice KEES, KEYS, etc.], JOHN (1510-1573)

Caius . It was a Thessalian See also:

• WITCH

witch that changed me into a donkey." Thus all ends well, and he returns safe to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The treatise On the Syrian Goddess (Mylitta, the moon-goddess, the Semitic See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite) is written in the Ionic See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation perhaps of the style of Herodotus, though the resemblance is by no means close . The writer professes to be an See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian (p . 452), and to describe the wonders in the various temples of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and Syria; he descants on the eunuchs of Syria and the origin of the self-imposed privation of manhood professed and practised by the Galli . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the temples, altars and sacrifices is curious, if really See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic; after the manner of See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias it is little more than a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, with the reasons in most cases added, or the origin of the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom explained . De Morte Peregrini is a narrative of one See also:

• PROTEUS
• PROTEUS (Proteus anguinus)

Proteus, a Cynic, who after professing various doctrines, and among them those of Christianity, ended his own life by ascending a burning pyre (see PEREGRINUS PROTEUS) . . Bis accusatus (" Twice Accused ") is a dialogue beginning with a satire on the folly of the popular notion that the gods alone are happy .

See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus is represented as disproving this by enumerating the duties that fall to their See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the world, and Hermes remarks on the vast crowds of philosophers of rival sects, by whose influence the respect and See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship formerly paid to the gods have seriously declined . A trial is supposed to be held under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the goddess ALK,7, between the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, the See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

Porch, the schools of the Cynics and Epicureans, and See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

Pleasure, Revelry, Virtue, Luxury, &c., as variously impugned or defended by them . Then Conversation and Rhetoric come before the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, each having an See also:

• ACTION

action for See also:

• DEFAMATION (from the classical Lat. diffamare, to spread abroad an evil report—the English form in de is taken from the Late Lat. defamare)

defamation to bring against Syrus the essayist, who of course is Lucian himself (p.823) . His See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence is heard, and in both cases he is triumphantly acquitted . This essay is brilliant from its clever parodies of Plato and Demosthenes, and the satire on the Socratic method of arguing by short questions and answers . The See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

Lover of Lying ( Xoi,teha s) discusses the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason why some persons seem to take pleasure in falsehood for its own See also:

• SAKE

sake . Under the See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category of lying all mythology (e.g. that of Homer and See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod) is included, and the question is asked, why the hearers of such stories are amused by them ? See also:

• QUACK

Quack remedies, charms and miraculous See also:

• CURES

cures are included among the most popular kinds of falsehood; See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, See also:

• SPIRITUALISM

spiritualism, See also:

• EXORCISM (Gr. EEop,d av, to conjure out)

exorcism, See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of devils, spectres, are discussed in turn, and a good See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

ghost story is told in p . 57 . An See also:

• ANECDOTE (from av-, privative, and isSLSwµu, to give out or publish)

anecdote is given of See also:

• DEMOCRITUS

Democritus, who, to show his disbelief in ghosts, had shut himself up in a See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, and when some See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men, dressed up with death's heads, came to frighten him at night, he did not even look up, but called out to them, " Stop your joking " (p . 59) . This treatise, a very interesting one, concludes with the reflection that truth and See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound reason are the only remedies for vain and superstitious terrors .

The dialogue Navigium seu Vota (" The Ship or the Wishes ") gives an apparently authentic account of the measurements and fittings of an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian ship which has arrived with a See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn at the See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus, driven out of its course to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy by adverse winds . The full length is 18o ft., the breadth nearly 50, the See also:

• DEPTH

depth from See also:

• DECK

deck to the bottom of the hold 43 ft . The " wishes "turn on a party of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, who have been to see the ship, declaring what they would most See also:

• DESIRE

desire to possess . One would have the ship filled with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, another a See also:

• FINE

fine house with gold See also:

• PLATE

plate; a third would be a " See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant " with a large force devoted to his interests; a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth would like to make himself invisible, enter any house that he pleased, and be transported through the air to the objects of his See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . After See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing them all, the first See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, Lycinus (Lucian), says that he is content with the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of laughing heartily at the vanity of human wishes, especially when they are those of professed philosophers . The dialogue between See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo and Lycinus, Convivium seu See also:

• LAPITHAE

Lapithae, is a very amusing description of a banquet, at which a party of dignified philosophers quarrelled over their viands at a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage feast, and came to blows . The style is a good imitation of Plato, and the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene reminds one of the " clients' See also:

• DINNER

dinner " in the fifth satire of See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal . Matters come to a See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax by the attempt of one of the guests, Zenothemis, to secure for himself a fatter See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl which had been served to his next See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour See also:

• HERMON

Hermon . Each seizes his bird and hits the other with it in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, at the same time pulling his See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard . Then a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general fight ensues . The story is a satire on philosophy, the favourite topic of a writer who believed neither in gods nor in men . The Piscator (" Fisherman "), a dialogue between Lucian, See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates, See also:

• PYTHAGORAS
• PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.)

Pythagoras, See also:

• EMPEDOCLES (c. 490–430 B.C.)

Empedocles, Plato and others, commences with a general attack on the author as the enemy of philosophy .

Socrates proposes that the See also:

• CULPRIT

culprit should be tried, and that Philosophia should assist in the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution . Lucian declares that he does not know where such a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person lives, long as he has been looking for her (II) . She is found at last, but declares Lucian has never disparaged her, but only impostors and pre-tenders under her name (15) . He makes a long defence (pp . 598-6o6), abusing the philosophers in the sort of language in which some schools of theologians abuse the monks of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages (34) . The trial is held in the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, and the sham philosophers, dreading a See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict against them, throw themselves from the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . A Cynic flings away his See also:

• SCRIP

scrip in the See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry, and on examination it is found to contain, not books or loaves of See also:

• BREAD

bread, but gold coins, See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice and fragrant essences (44) . At the end Lucian baits his See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook with a fig and a gold See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin, and catches gluttonous strollers in the city while stated on the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the Acropolis . The Voyage Home (KaraaXous) opens with the complaint that Charon's See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat is kept waiting for Hermes, who soon appears with his troop of ghosts . Among them is a rupavvos, one Megapenthes, who, as his name is intended to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express, mourns greatly over the life he has just See also:

• LEFT

left . Amusing appeals are made by other souls for leave to return to life, and even bribes are offered to the presiding goddess of destiny, but Clotho is inexorable . The moral of the piece is closely like that of the See also:

• PARABLE (Gr. 7apa(3oXi7, a comparison or similitude)

parable of Dives and See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus: the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and prosperous bewail their See also:

• FATE

fate, while the poor and afflicted find rest from their troubles, and have no desire to return to them .

The rupavvos here is the man clothed in See also:

• PURPLE

purple and fine See also:

• LINEN

linen, and Lucian shows the same bitter dislike of tyrants which Plato and the tragic writers display . The heavy See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty is adjudged to Megapenthes that he may ever remember in the other world the misdeeds done in life . The Sales of Lives is an See also:

• AUCTION

auction held by Zeus to see what See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price the lives of philosophers of the rival sects will bring . A See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean, who speaks in the Ionic dialect, first undergoes an examination as to what he can See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach, and this contains an enumeration of the doctrines usually ascribed to that See also:

• SECT

sect, including See also:

• METEMPSYCHOSIS (Gr. µF El.4/1Xco rts)

metempsychosis . He is valued at 7s . 6d., and is succeeded by See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes, who avows himself the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of truth, a See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan (8), and the enemy of pleasure . Socrates brings two talents, and is See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by See also:

• DION

Dion, tyrant of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse (19) . See also:

• CHRYSIPPUS (c. 280-2o6 B.c.)

Chrysippus, who gives some specimens of his clever quibbles,l is bought for fifty pounds, Aristotle for nearly a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred, while Pyrrho the sceptic (or one of his school), who professes to " know 1 E.g . " A stone is a See also:

• BODY

body; a living creature is a body; you are a living creature; therefore you are a stone." Again: Is every body possessed of life ? " " No . " " Is a stone possessed of life ?" " No." " Are you . a body ?" " Yes." A living body ?" " Yes." " Then, if a living body, you are not a stone." nothing," brings four pounds, " because he is dull and stupid and has no more sense than a See also:

• GRUB

grub" (27) . But the man raises a doubt, " whether or not he has really been bought," and refuses to go with the purchaser till he has fully considered the See also:

• MATTER

matter .

See also:

• TIMON
• TIMON (c. 320-230)

Timon is a very amusing and witty dialogue . The misanthrope, once wealthy, has become a poor See also:

• FARM

farm-labourer, and reproaches Zeus for his indifference to the injustice of man . Zeus declares that the noisy disputes in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica have so disgusted him that he has not been there for a long time (9) . He tells Hermes to See also:

• CON

con-duct See also:

• PLUTUS

Plutus to visit Timon, and see what can be done to help him . Plutus, who at first refuses to go, is persuaded after a long conversation with Hermes, and Timon is found by them digging in his See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field (31) . Poverty is unwilling to resign her votary to See also:

• WEALTH

wealth; and Timon himself is with difficulty persuaded to turn up with his See also:

• MATTOCK (O.E. mattuc, of uncertain origin)

mattock a crock of gold coins . Now that he has once more become rich, his former flatterers come cringing with their congratulations and respects, but they are all driven off with broken heads or pelted with stones . Between this dialogue and the Plutus of Aristophanes there are many close resemblances . Hermotimus (pp . 739-831) is one of the longer dialogues, Hermotimus, a student of the Stoic philosophy for twenty years (2), and Lucian (Lycinus) being the interlocutors . The long time—See also:

• FORTY

forty years at the least—required for climbing up to the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of virtue and happiness, and the short span of life, if any, left for the enjoyment of it, are discussed . That the greatest philosophers do not always attain perfect indifference, the Stoic See also:

• ULTIMATUM (from Lat. ultimus, last)

ultimatum, is shown by the anecdote of one who dragged his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil into court to make him pay his See also:

• FEE

fee (9), and again by a violent quarrel with another at a banquet (I I) .

Virtue is compared to a city with just and good and contented inhabitants; but so many offer themselves as guides to the right road to virtue that the inquirer is bewildered (26) . What is truth, and who are the right teachers of it ? The question is argued at length, and illustrated by a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar custom of watching the pairs of athletes and setting aside the reserved combatant (vrapebpos) at the Olympian See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games by the marks on the ballots (40-43) . This, it is argued, cannot be done till all the ballots have been examined; so a man cannot select the right way till he has tried all the ways to virtue . But to know the doctrines of all the sects is impossible in the See also:

• TERM

term of a life (49) . To take a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of each, like trying a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample of wine, will not do, because the doctrines taught are not, like the crock of wine, the same throughout, but vary or advance day by day (J9) . A See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion is made (68) that the searcher after truth should begin by taking lessons in the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of discrimination, so as to be a good See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of truth before testing the rival claims . But who is a good teacher of such a science ? (70) . The general conclusion is that philosophy is not See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)