See also:

• GAIUS

GAIUS See also:

• GAIUS LUCILIUS (c. 18o–ro3 B.C.)

LUCILIUS (c. 18o–ro3 B.C.)  , the earliest See also:

• ROMAN

Roman satirist, of whose writings only fragments remain, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Suessa Aurunca in See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania . The See also:

• DATES

dates assigned by See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome for his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and See also:

• DEATH

death are 148 and 103 or 102 B.C . But it is impossible to reconcile the first of these dates with other facts recorded of him, and the date given by Jerome must be due to an See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, the true date being about 18o B.C . We learn from Velleius Paterculus that he served under Scipio at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• NUMANTIA

Numantia in 134 . We learn from See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace that he lived on the most intimate terms of friendship with Scipio and See also:

• LAELIUS

Laelius, and that he celebrated the exploits and virtues of the former in his satires . Fragments of those books of his satires which seem to have been first given to the See also:

• WORLD

world (books See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.-See also:

• XXIX

xxix.) clearly indicate that they were written in the lifetime of Scipio . Some of these bring the poet before us as either corresponding with, or engaged in controversial conversation with, his See also:

• GREAT

great friend . One See also:

• LINE

line Percrepa pugnam Popilli, facta Corneli See also:

• CANE

cane in which the defeat of M . Popillius See also:

• LAENAS

Laenas, in 138, is contrasted with the subsequent success of Scipio, bears the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of having been written while the See also:

• NEWS

news of the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Numantia was still fresh . It is in the highest degree improbable that See also:

• LUCILIUS, GAIUS (c. 18o–ro3 B.C.)

Lucilius served in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen; it is still more unlikely that he could have been admitted into the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar intimacy of Scipio and Laelius at that age . It seems a moral impossibility that between the age of fifteen and nineteen—i.e. between 133 and 129, the See also:

• YEAR

year of Scipio's death—he could have come before the world as the author of an entirely new See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, and one which, to be at all successful, demands especially maturity of See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment and experience . It may further be said that the well-known words of Horace (Satires, ii .

1, 33), in which he characterizes the vivid See also:

• PORTRAITURE

portraiture of his See also:

• LIFE

life, See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and thoughts, which Lucilius bequeathed to the world, quo See also:

• FIT

fit ut omnis Votiva pateat veluti descripta tabella Vita senis, lose much of their force unless senis is to be taken in its See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sense—which it cannot be if Lucilius died at the age of See also:

• FORTY

forty-six . He spent the greater See also:

• PART

part of his life at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and died, according to Jerome, at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . Lucilius belonged to the equestrian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, a fact indicated by Horace's See also:

• NOTICE

notice of himself as " infra Lucili censum." Though not himself belonging to any of the great senatorial families, he was in a position to See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate with them on equal terms . This circumstance contributed to the boldness, originality and thoroughly See also:

• NATIONAL

national character of his See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work . Had he been a " semi-Graecus," like See also:

• ENNIUS, QUINTUS (239-170 B.c.)

Ennius and See also:

• PACUVIUS, MARCUS (c. 220-130 B.C.)

Pacuvius, or of humble origin, like See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus, See also:

• TERENCE

Terence or See also:

• ACCIUS
• ACCIUS, LUCIUS

Accius, he would scarcely have ventured, at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the senatorial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was strongly in the ascendant, to revive the role which had proved disastrous to See also:

• NAEVIUS, GNAEUS (c. 264–? 194 B.C.)

Naevius; nor would he have had the intimate knowledge of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and social life of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day which fitted him to be its painter . Another circumstance deter-See also:

• MINING

mining the See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent of his mind was the character of the time . The origin of Roman political and social See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire is to be traced to the same disturbing and disorganizing forces which led to the revolutionary projects and legislation of the Graccbi . The reputation which Lucilius enjoyed in the best ages of Roman literature is proved by the terms in which See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and Horace speak of him . See also:

• PERSIUS

Persius, See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal and See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian vouch for the admiration with which he was regarded in the first See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The popularity which he enjoyed in his own time is attested by the fact that at his death, although he had filled none of the offices of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, he received the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a public funeral . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief claim to distinction is his literary originality . He may be called the inventor of poetical satire, as he was the first to impress upon the See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude inartistic medley, known to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans by the name of satura, that character of aggressive 1 " And so it happens that the whole life of the old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man stands clearly before us, as if it were represented on a votive picture." The remains of Lucilius extend to about eleven See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred, mostly unconnected lines, most of them preserved by See also:

• LATE

late grammarians, as illustrative of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar verbal usages .

He was, for his time, a voluminous as well as a very discursive writer . He See also:

• LEFT

left behind him See also:

• THIRTY

thirty books of satires, and there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that each See also:

• BOOK

book, like the books of Horace and Juvenal, was composed of different pieces . The order in which they were known to the grammarians was not that in which they were written . The earliest in order of composition were probably those numbered from xxvi. to xxix., which were written in the See also:

• TROCHAIC (from Gr. rpoxalos, rpoxaixos; Lat. trochaeus)

trochaic and See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic metres that had been employed by Ennius and Pacuvius in their Saturae . In these he made those criticisms on the older tragic and epic poets of which Horace and other See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient writers speak . In them too he speaks of the Numantine See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War as recently finished, and of Scipio as still living . Book i., on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in which the philosopher See also:

• CARNEADES (214–129 B.C.)

Carneades, who died in 128, is spoken of as dead, must have been written after the death of Scipio . Most of the satires of Lucilius were written in hexameters, but, so far as an See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion can be formed from a number of unconnected fragments, he seems to have written the trochaic tetrameter with a smoothness, clearness and simplicity which he never attained in handling the See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter . The longer fragments produce the impression of great discursiveness and carelessness, but at the same time of considerable force . He appears, in the composition of his various pieces, to have treated everything that occurred to him in the most desultory See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, sometimes adopting the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue, sometimes that of an See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle or an imaginary discourse, and often to have spoken in his own name, giving an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his travels and adventures, or of amusing scenes that he had witnessed, or expressing the results of his private meditations and experiences . Like Horace he largely illustrated his own observations by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal anecdotes and fables . The fragments clearly show how often Horace has imitated him, not only in expression, but in the form of his satires (see for instance i .

5 and ii . 2), in the topics which he treats of, and the class of social vices and the types of character which he satirizes . For students of Latin literature, the chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest of studying the fragments of Lucilius consists in the See also:

• LIGHT

light which they throw on the aims and methods of Horace in the composition of his satires, and, though not to the same extent, of his epistles . They are important also as materials for linguistic study; and they have considerable See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions by F . D . Gerlach (1846), L . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (1872), C . See also:

• LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851)

Lachmann (1876, See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous), F . See also:

• MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

Marx (1905); see also L . Muller, Leben and Werke See also:

• DES

des Lucilius (1876); "Luciliana," by H . A .

J . See also:

• MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE (1819-1885)
• MUNRO, MUNRO
• MUNRO, SIR HECTOR (1726-1805)
• MUNRO, SIR THOMAS (1761-1827)

Munro, in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology, vii . (1877); See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, His/. of Rome, bk. iv. ch . 13; " Luciliana," by A . E . See also:

• HOUSMAN, LAURENCE (1867– )

Housman, in Classical 2uarterly (See also:

• APRIL

April, 1907); C . Cichorius, Untersuchungen zu Lucilius (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1908) . (W . Y .