See also:

• LUCIUS

LUCIUS ANNAEUS See also:

• SENECA

SENECA (c. 54 B.C.–A.D. 39)  , called See also:

• SENECA

Seneca " the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder " or " the rhetorician," belonged to a well-to-do equestrian See also:

• FAMILY

family of Corduba . His praenomen is uncertain, but in any caseMarcus is an arbitrary conjecture of See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael of See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

Volterra . During a lengthy stay on two occasions at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome he attended the lectures of famous orators and rhetoricians, to prepare for an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official career as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . His ideal orator was See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, and he disapproved of the florid tendencies of the See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . During the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars (which kept him in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and thus prevented him from ever See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing Cicero speak) his sympathies, like those of his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, were probably with See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey, as were those of his son and his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson (the poet See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan) . By his wife Helvia of Corduba he had three sons: L . Annaeus Novatus, adopted by his See also:

• FATHER

father's friend, the rhetorician See also:

• JUNIUS
• JUNIUS, FRANZ (in French, Francois du Jon)

Junius See also:

• GALLIO, JUNIUS ANNAEUS (originally Lucius ANNAEUS NOVATUS)

Gallio, and subsequently called L . Junius Gallio; L . Annaeus Seneca, the philosopher; Annaeus See also:

• MELA, POMPONIUS (ft. c. A.D. 43)

Mela, the father of the poet Lucan . As he died before his son was banished by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius (41; Seneca, ad Helviam, ii . 4), and the latest references in his writings are to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period immediately after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Tiberius, he probably died about A.D . 39 .

At an advanced See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of his sons, he prepared, it is said from memory, a collection of various school themes and their treatment by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman orators . These he arranged in ten books of Controversiae (imaginary legal cases) in which 74 themes were discussed, the opinions of the rhetoricians upon each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case being given from different points of view, then their See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the case into different single questions (divisio), and, finally, the devices for making See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black appear See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and extenuating injustice (colores) . Each See also:

• BOOK

book was introduced by a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, in which the characteristics of individual rhetoricians were discussed in a lively manner . The See also:

• WORK

work is incomplete, but the gaps can be to a certain extent filled up with the aid of an See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome made in the 4th or 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century for the use of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The romantic elements were utilized in the collection of anecdotes and tales called Gesta Romanorum (q.v.) . For books i., ii., vii., ix., x. we possess both the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and the epitome; for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder we have to rely upon the epitome alone . Even with the aid of the latter, only seven of the prefaces are available . The Controversiae were supplemented by the Suasoriae (exercises in hortatory or deliberative oratory), in which the question is discussed whether certain things should or should not be done . The whole forms the most important authority for the See also:

• HISTORY

history of contemporary oratory . Seneca was also the author of a lost See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical work, containing the history of Rome from the beginning of the civil wars almost down to his own death, after which it was published by his son . Of this we learn something from the younger Seneca's De vita patris (H . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, Historicorum Romanorum fragmenta, 1883, pp .

292, 301), of which the beginning was discovered by B . G . See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr . The father's claim. to the authorship of the rhetorical work, generally ascribed to the son during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, was vindicated by Raphael of Volterra and Justus See also:

• LIPSIUS, JUSTUS (1547-16o6)
• LIPSIUS, RICHARD ADELBERT (183o-1892)

Lipsius .