TROELS FREDERIK See also:

• LUND
• TROELS FREDERIK LUND (1840- )

LUND (1840- )  , Danish historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen on the 5th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 184o . He entered the university of Copenhagen in 1858 . About the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty he took a See also:

• POST

post which brought before his See also:

• NOTICE

notice the treasures of the archives of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . His first important See also:

• WORK

work, Historiske Skitser, did not appear until 1876, but after that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his activity was stupendous . In 1879 was published the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his Danmarks og Norges Historie i Slutningen of det xvi . Aarhundrede, a See also:

• HISTORY

history of daily See also:

• LIFE

life in Denmark and See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Troels See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund was the See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer of the remarkable See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young historians who came forward in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe about 188o, and he remained the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and conspicuous of them . Saying very little about See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, armies and governments, he concentrates his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention on the life, See also:

• DEATH

death, employments, pleasures and prejudices of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary men and See also:

• WOMEN

women of the age with which he deals, using to illustrate his theme a vast See also:

• BODY

body of documents previously neglected by the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official historian . Lund was appointed historiographer-royal to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Denmark and See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of the Dannebrog . There was probably no living See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to whom the destruction. of the archives, when Christiansborg See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle was accidentally burned in 1884, was so acute a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• DISTRESS

distress . But his favourite and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, the See also:

• MSS

MSS. of the 16th century, was happily not involved in that calamity . See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, and favourite of King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, was the natural son of Alvaro de See also:

• LUNA (mod. Luni)
• LUNA, ALVARO DE (d. 1453)

Luna, a Castilian See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble .

He was introduced to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court as a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Pedro de Luna, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, in 141o . Alvaro soon secured a commanding See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over John II., then a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere boy . During the regency of the king's uncle See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand, which ended in 1412, he was not allowed to be more than a servant . When, however, Ferdinand was elected king of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, and the regency remained in the hands of the king's See also:

• MOTHER

mother, See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, daughter of John of Gaunt, a foolish and dissolute woman, Alvaro became a very important See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . The young king regarded him with an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection which the superstition of the time attributed to See also:

• WITCH

witch-See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . As the king was surrounded by greedy and unscrupulous nobles, among whom his See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins, the sons of Ferdinand, commonly known as the Infantes (princes) of Aragon, were perhaps the worst, his reliance on a favourite who had every See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive to be loyal to him is quite intelligible . Alvaro too was a master of all the accomplishments the king admired—a See also:

• FINE

fine horseman, a skilful See also:

• LANCE

lance and a writer of court See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . Until he lost the king's See also:

• PROTECTION

protection he was the central figure of the Castilian history of the time . It was a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant conflict conducted by shifting coalitions of the nobles, who under pretence of freeing the king from the undue influence of his favourite were See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent on making a puppet of him for their own ends . The See also:

• PART

part which Alvaro de Luna played has been diversely judged . To See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana he appears as a mere self-seeking favourite . To others he has seemed to be a loyal servant of the king who endeavoured to enforce the authority of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, which in Castile was the only alternative to anarchy .

He fought for his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, but his supremacy was certainly better than the See also:

• RULE

rule of gangs of plundering nobles . His See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main one of expulsions from the court by victorious factions, and of his return when his conquerors See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell out among themselves . Thus in 1427 he was solemnly expelled by a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the nobles, only to be recalled in the following See also:

• YEAR

year . In 1431 he endeavoured to employ the restless nobles in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war for the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada . Some successes were gained, but a consistent policy was impossible with a rebellious See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy and a king of indolent See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In 1445 the See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction of the nobles allied with Alvaro's main enemies, the Infantes de Aragon, were beaten at Olmedo, and the favourite, who had been See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable of Castile and See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Santesteban since 1423, became See also:

• GRAND

Grand Master of the military order of Santiago by See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the Knights . His See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power appeared to be thoroughly established . It was, however, based on the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal affection of the king . The king's second wife, See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, was offended at the immense influence of the constable, and urged her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband to See also:

• FREE

free himself from See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery to his favourite . In 1453 the king succumbed, Alvaro was arrested, tried and condemned by a See also:

• PROCESS

process which was a mere See also:

• PARODY (Gr. s-apybia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel)

parody of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and executed at See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid on the 2nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1453 . The See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of Alvaro de Luna (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1784), written by some loyal follower who survived him, is a See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric and largely a See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . The other contemporary authority—the Chronicle of John II.—is much less favourable to the constable .

See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Jose See also:

• QUINTANA, MANUEL JOSE (1772-1857)

Quintana has summarized the two See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles in his life of Luna in the Vidas de Espanoles celebres; Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles (Madrid, 1846-188o), vol. xix .