LUPERCALIA  , a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, possibly pre-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman, See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral festival in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Lupercus . Its See also:

• RITES

rites were under the superintendence of a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of priests called Lupercil whose institution is attributed either to the Arcadian See also:

• EVANDER (Gr. EvavSpos, " good man ")

Evander, or to See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus and Remus . In front of the Porta See also:

• ROMANA

Romana, on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Ficus Ruminalis and the Casa Romuli, was the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Lupercus; in it, according to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, the she-See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf had suckled the twins, and the See also:

• BRONZE

bronze wolf, which is still preserved in the Capitol, was placed in it in 296 B.C . But the festival itself, which was held on See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 15th, contains no reference to the Romulus legend, which is probably later in origin, though earlier than the grecizing Evander legend . The festival began with the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice by the Luperci (or the See also:

• FLAMEN (from flare, " to blow up " the altar fire)

flamen dialis) of goats and a See also:

• DOG

dog; after which two of the Luperci were led to the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, their foreheads were touched with a bloody See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife, and the See also:

• BLOOD

blood wiped off with See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool dipped in See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk; then the See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual required that the two See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men should laugh . The smearing of the forehead with blood probably refers to human sacrifice originally practised at the festival . The sacrificial feast followed, after which the Luperci cut thongs from the skins of the victims and ran in two bands See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the walls of the old Palatine See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the See also:

• LINE

line of which was marked with stones, striking the See also:

• PEOPLE

people who crowded near . A See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from the thong prevented sterility in See also:

• WOMEN

women . These thongs were called februa, the festival Februatio, and the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies februatus (februare=to purify); hence the name of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month February, the last of the old Roman See also:

• YEAR

year . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of the festival was, by expiation and See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification, to secure the fruitfulness of the See also:

• LAND

land, the increase of the flocks and the prosperity of the whole people . The Lupercal (cave of Lupercus), which had fallen into a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of decay, was rebuilt by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus; the celebration of the festival had been maintained, as we know from the famous occurrence of it in 44 B.C . It survived until A.D .

494, when it was changed by See also:

• GELASIUS

Gelasius into the feast of the Purification . Lupercus, in whose honour the festival was held, is identified with See also:

• FAUNUS (i.e. the "kindly," from Lat. favere, or the " speaker," from fari)

Faunus or Inuus, Evander (El av8pos), in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek legend being a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Faunus (the " kindly ") . The Luperci were divided into two collegia, called Quinctiliani (or Quinctiales) and Fabiani, from the gens Quinctilia (or Quinctia) 2 and Fabia; at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of each of these colleges was a magister . In 44 B.C. a third See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, Luperci Julii, was instituted in honour of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, the first magister of which was See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Antony . In imperial times the members were usually of equestrian See also:

• STANDING

standing . See See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung, iii . (1885) p . 438; W . Warde See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, Roman Festivals (1899), p . 390 See also:

• FOIL

foil., and See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed . 1891) .