See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

ISAAC See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

BEN See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

SOLOMON See also:

• ISAAC BEN SOLOMON LURIA (1534-1572)

LURIA (1534-1572)  , Jewish mystic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . From his See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German descent he was surnamed Ashkenazi (the German), and we find that epithet applied to him in a recently discovered document of date 1559 . In that See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• LURIA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON (1534-1572)

Luria was living in See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo and trading as a spice See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant with his headquarters in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . He had come to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt as a boy after his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death, and was brought up by his wealthy maternal See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Mordecai See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis . The boy, according to the legends which soon See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round his See also:

• LIFE

life, was a " wonder-See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child," and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early displayed marvellous capacity . He married as a lad of fifteen, his See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride being his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin . For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he continued his studies; later on when engaged in business there was no break in this respect . Two years after his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage he became possessed of a copy of the Kabbalistic " See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible "—the Zohar of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses de See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon (q.v.) . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to meditate on the mystic See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore he withdrew to a hut by the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, returning See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home for the See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath . Luria afterwards gave to the Sabbath a mystic beauty such as it had never before possessed . Thus passed several years; he was still See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, but his new mode of life produced its effects on a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of his See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination and saintly piety . He became a visionary .

See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah, who had been his godfather in his babyhood, now paid him frequent visits, initiating him into See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime truths . By See also:

• NIGHT

night Luria's soul ascended to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and conversed with See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial teachers who had once been men of renown on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . In 1566 at earliest Luria removed to Safed . This Palestinian See also:

• TOWN

town was in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the headquarters of the Kabbala . A large circle of Talmudists lived there; at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• QARO (or CARO), JOSEPH BEN EPHRAIM (1488-1575)

Qaro, then over eighty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Qaro's son married Luria's daughter, and Qaro rejoiced at the connexion, for he had a high See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Luria's learning . See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

Mysticism is often the expression of a revolt against authority, but in Luria's See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case mysticism was not divorced from respect for tradition . After his arrival at Safed Luria lived at most six years, and died in 1572 . But these years were momentous for Judaism . He established an extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary reputation; his See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality had a winning attractiveness; and he founded a school of mystics who powerfully affected Judaism after the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's death . The See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit, we are told, rested on him, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to him by the usual means of the mysticsself-flogging, ablutions and See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance . He had wonderful gifts of insight, and spoke to the birds .

Miracles abounded . More soberly true is the statement that he went on See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long walks with enthusiastic disciples, whom he taught without books . Luria himself wrote no mystical See also:

• WORKS

works; what we know of his doctrines and habits comes chiefly from his See also:

• BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)

Boswell, IJayim Vital . There was little of originality in Luria's doctrines; the theory of emanations, the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double belief in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of the Divine Essence See S . Schecher, Studies in Judaism, second See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, pp . 251 seq . ; Jewish Encyclopedia, viii . 210; E . Worman in Revue See also:

• DES

des Etudes Juives, lvii . 281 . (I . A.) 'LURISTAN, in the wider sense (as its name implies) the " See also:

• LAND

Land of the Lurs," namely that See also:

• PART

part of western See also:

• PERSIA

Persia which is bounded by See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish territory on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and extends for about 400 M .

N.W.-S.E. from See also:

• KERMANSHAH (Kermisin of Arab geographers)
• KERMANSHAH, or KERMANSHAHAN

Kermanshah to See also:

• FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)

Fars with a breadth of too to 14o m . It is chiefly mountainous, being intersected by numerous ranges See also:

• RUNNING

running N.W.-S.E . The central range has many summits which are almost within the See also:

• LINE

line of perpetual See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, rising to 13,000 ft. and more, and in it are the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of Persia's most important See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, as the Zayendeh-rud, Jarahi, See also:

• KARUN

Karun, Diz, Abi, Kerkheh . Between the higher ranges are many fertile plains and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hilly districts, well watered but comparatively little cultivated in consequence of intertribal feuds . The Lurs are thought' to be aboriginal Persians with a mixture of Semitic See also:

• BLOOD

blood . Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian and does not differ materially from Kurdish . Outwardly they are Mussulmans of the Shiah See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, but most of them show little veneration for either See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet or See also:

• KORAN

Koran, and the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of some of them seems to be a mixture of See also:

• ALI

Ali-Illahism involving a belief in successive incarnations combined with mysterious, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• RITES

rites . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of Luristan, which was formerly known as Lurikuchik (little Luristan), is inhabited by the Feili Lurs and these are divided into the Pishkuh (cis-montane) Lurs in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and Pushtkuh (ultra-montane) Lurs in the west adjoining Turkish territory . They number about 350,000 . Little Luristan was governed by a See also:

• RACE

race of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent princes of the Khurshidi See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and called atabegs, from 1155 to the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, Shah See also:

• VERDI, GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO (1813-1901)

Verdi See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, was re-moved by Shah Abbas I. and the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province given to Husain Khan, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• RIVAL

rival tribe, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of vali in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for that of atabeg . The descendants of Husain Khan have retained the title but now govern only the Pushtkuh Lurs, to whom only the See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination of Feili is at See also:

• PRESENT

present applied . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of Luristan was formerly known as Lur i Buzurg (See also:

• GREAT

great Luristan) and is composed of the See also:

• BAKHTIARI

Bakhtiari See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• ARABISTAN (formerly KHUZISTAN)

Arabistan province and the districts of the Mamasennis and Kuhgilus which belong to Fars .

The Bakhtiaris number about 2oo,goo, the others 40,000 . Great Luristan was an independent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state under the Fazlevieh atabegs from i16o until 1424, and its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was Idaj, now represented by mounds and ruins at Malamir 6o m . S.E. of See also:

• SHUSHTER

Shushter .