See also:

• LUIGI

LUIGI See also:

• LUIGI LUZZATTI (1841- )

LUZZATTI (1841- )  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian economist and financier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of Jewish parents at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice on the 11th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1841 . After completing his studies in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the university of See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, he attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police by his lectures on See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, and was obliged to emigrate . In 1863 he obtained a professorship at the See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan Technical See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute; in 1867 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of constitutional law at Padua, whence he was transferred to the university of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Gifted with eloquence and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, he popularized in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy the economic ideas of See also:

• SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

Schultze-See also:

• DELITZSCH
• DELITZSCH, FRANZ (1813–1890)

Delitzsch, worked for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a commercial See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at Venice, and contributed to the spread of See also:

• PEOPLE

people's See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks on a basis of limited liability throughout the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In 1869 he was appointed by See also:

• MINGHETTI, MARCO (1818-1886)

Minghetti under secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state to the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, in which capacity he abolished See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over commercial companies and promoted a state inquiry into the conditions of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Though theoretically a See also:

• FREE

free trader, he was largely instrumental in creating the Italian protective See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In 1877 he participated in the commercial negotiations with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in 1878 compiled the Italian customs See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff, and subsequently took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the negotiations of all the commercial See also:

• TREATIES

treaties between Italy and other countries . Appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury in the first Di Rudini See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of 1891, he imprudently abolished the system of frequent clearings of See also:

• BANK

bank-notes between the state banks, a measure which facilitated the duplication of part of the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper currency and hastened the bank crisis of 1893 . In 1896 he entered the second Di Rudini cabinet as minister of the treasury, and by timely legislation helped to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the bank of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples from failure . After his fall from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• JUNE

June 1898, his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal achievement was the negotiation of the Franco-Italian commercial treaty, though, as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, journalist and professor, he continued to take an active part in all political and economic manifestations . He was again minister of the treasury from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1903 to March 1905 in See also:

• GIOLITTI, GIOVANNI (1842– )

Giolitti's second See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and for the third See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time from See also:

• FEBRUARY

February to May 1906, under See also:

• SONNINO, SIDNEY, BARON (1847– )

Sonnino's premiership . During the latter See also:

• TERM

term of office he achieved the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the Italian 5% See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt (reduced to 4% by the tax) to 31% to be eventually lowered to 31%, an operation which other ministers had attempted without success; although the actual See also:

• CON

con-version was not completed until after the fall of the cabinet ofwhich he formed part the merit is entirely his .

In 1907 he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the co-operative See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona . See L . See also:

• CARPI
• CARPI, GIROLAMO DA (15or-1556)

Carpi's Risorgimento Italiano, vol. ii . (Milan, 1886), which contains a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of See also:

• LUZZATTI, LUIGI (1841- )

Luzzatti .