See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• SIR CHARLES LYELL (1797-1875)

LYELL (1797-1875)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British geologist, was the eldest son of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell of Kinnordy, See also:

• FORFARSHIRE, or ANGUS

Forfarshire, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 14th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1797, on the See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . His See also:

• FATHER

father (1767–1849) was known both as a botanist and as the translator of the Vita Nuova and the Convito of See also:

• DANTE

Dante: the plant Lyellia was named after him . From his boyhood Lyell had a strong inclination for natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, especially See also:

• ENTOMOLOGY (Gr. iv-roµa, insects, and Xiryos, a discourse)

entomology, a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste which he cultivated at Bartley See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge in the New See also:

• FOREST

Forest, to which his family had removed soon after his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . In 1816 he entered See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where the lectures of Dr See also:

• BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826–188o)
• BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Buckland first See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological study . After taking his degree of B.A. in 1819 (M.A. in 1821) he entered See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's See also:

• INN

Inn, and in 1825, after a delay caused by chronic weakness of the eyes, he was called to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, and went on the western See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit for two years . During this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was slowly gravitating towards the See also:

• LIFE

life of a student of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . In 1819 he had been elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Linnean and Geological See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

Societies, communicating his first See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, " On a See also:

• RECENT

Recent Formation of Fresh-See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone in Forfarshire," to the latter society in 1822, and acting as one of the honorary secretaries in 1823 . In that See also:

• YEAR

year he went to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, with introductions to See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt and other men of science, and in 1824 made a geological tour in Scotland in See also:

• COMPANY

company with Dr Buckland . In 1826 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, from which in later years he received both the See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley and Royal medals; and in 1827 he finally abandoned the legal profession, and devoted himself to See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology . At this time he had already begun to See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORK

work, The Principles of Geology . The subsidiary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, " An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth's See also:

• SURFACE

Surface by Reference to Causes now in Operation," gives the keynote of the task to which Lyell devoted his life . A See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey with See also:

• MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792-1871)

Murchison in 1828 gave rise to See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint papers on the volcanic See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne and the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary formations of See also:

• AIX

Aix-en-See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence .

After parting with Murchison he studied the marine remains of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Tertiary Strata and then conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of dividing this geological See also:

• SYSTEM

system into three or four See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, characterized by the proportion of recent to See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• SPECIES

species of shells . To these groups, after consulting Dr See also:

• WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866)

Whewell as to the best nomenclature, he gave the names now universally adopted—See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene (See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of recent), See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene (less of recent), and See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene (more of recent); and with the assistance of G . P . See also:

• DESHAYES, GERARD PAUL (1795–1875)

Deshayes he drew See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip a table of shells in See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of this See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification . The first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the Principles of Geology appeared in 1830, and the second in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1832 . Received at first with some opposition, so far as its leading theory was concerned, the work had ultimately a See also:

• GREAT

great success, and the two volumes had already reached a second edition in 1833 when the third, dealing with the successive formations of the earth's crust, was added . Between 183o and 1872 eleven See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of this work were published, each so much enriched with new material and the results of riper thought as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete history of the progress of geology during that See also:

• INTERVAL

interval . Only a few days before his See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• SIR

Sir Charles finished revising the first volume of the 12th edition; the revision of the second volume was completed by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Mr (after-wards Sir) Leonard Lyell; and the work appeared in 1876 . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1838 Lyell published the Elements of Geology, which, from being originally an expansion of one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Principles, became a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work on stratigraphical and palaeontological geology . This See also:

• BOOK

book went through six editions in Lyell's lifetime (some intermediate editions being styled See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Elementary Geology), and in 1871 a smaller work, the Student's Elements of Geology, was based upon it . His third great work, The Antiquity of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, appeared in 1863, and ran through three editions in one year . In this he gave a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general survey of the arguments for man's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance on the earth, derived from the discoveries of See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint implements in See also:

• POST

post-Pliocene strata in the See also:

• SOMME

Somme valley and elsewhere; he discussed also the deposits of the Glacial See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, and in the same volume he first gave in his See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin's theory of the origin of species .

A See also:

• FOURTH

fourth edition appeared in 1873 . In 1831–1833 Lyell was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of geology at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's College, See also:

• LONDON

London, and delivered while there a course of lectures, whieh became the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Elements of Geology . In 1832 hemarried See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary (1809–1873) eldest daughter of Leonard See also:

• HORNER, FRANCIS (1778–1817)
• HORNER, LEONARD (1785-1864)

Horner (q.v.), and she became thenceforward associated with him in all his work, and by her social qualities making his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home a centre of attraction . In 1834 he made an excursion to See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, the result of which was his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society " On the Proofs of the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual Rising of See also:

• LAND

Land in certain Parts of Sweden." He also brought before the Geological Society a paper " On the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata of Seeland and Moen." In 1835 he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Geological Society . In 1837 he was again in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and Denmark, and in 1841 he spent a year in travelling through the See also:

• UNITED

United States, See also:

• CANADA

Canada and Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia . This last journey, together with a second one to See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1845, resulted not only in papers, but also in two See also:

• WORKS

works not exclusively geological, Travels in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North America (1845) and A Second Visit to the United States (1849) . During these journeys he estimated the See also:

• RATE

rate of recession of the falls of See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara, the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of alluvial See also:

• MATTER

matter in the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, and studied those See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable accumulations in the " Great See also:

• DISMAL

Dismal Swamp " of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, which he afterwards used in illustrating the formation of beds of See also:

• COAL

coal . He also studied the coal-formations in Nova Scotia, and discovered in company with Dr (afterwards Sir J . W.) See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson (q.v.) of See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal, the earliest known landshell, Pupa vetusta, in the hollow See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of a Sigillaria . In bringing a knowledge of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European geology to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the extended formations of North America Lyell rendered immense service . Having visited See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira and See also:

• TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe in company with G . Hartung, he accumulated much valuable See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence on the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and deposition of See also:

• LAVA

lava-beds and the formation of volcanic cones .

He also revisited See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily in 1858, when he made such observations upon the structure of See also:

• ETNA
• ETNA (Gr. AZ-rvn, from aZOw, burn; Lat. Aetna)

Etna as refuted the theory of " craters of See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation " upheld by Von See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch and See also:

• ELIE

Elie de See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont (see Phil . Trans., 1859) . Lyell was knighted in 1848, and was created a See also:

• BARONET

baronet in 1864, in which year he was president of the British Association at See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath . He was elected corresponding member of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute and of the Royal See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and was created a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the Prussian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of Merit . During the later years of his life his sight, always weak, failed him altogether . He died on the 22nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1875, and was buried in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . Among his characteristics were his great thirst for knowledge, his perfect fairness and See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment; while the extreme freshness of his mind enabled him to accept and appreciate the work of younger men . The LYELL See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

MEDAL, established in 1875 under the will of Sir Charles Lyell, is See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in See also:

• BRONZE

bronze and is to be awarded annually (or from time to time) by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the Geological Society . The medallist may be of any See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country or either See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . Not less than one-third of the annual See also:

• INTEREST

interest of a sum of £2000 is to be awarded with the medal; the remaining interest, known as the LYELL GEOLOGICAL FUND, is to be given in one or more portions at the discretion of the Council for the encouragement of geological science . See Life, Letters and See also:

• JOURNALS

Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., edited by his See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Mrs Lyell (2 vols., 1881) ; Charles Lyell and See also:

• MODERN

Modern Geology, by T . G .

See also:

• BONNEY, THOMAS GEORGE (1833— )

Bonney (1895) . (H . B .