See also:

• COUNCILS

COUNCILS OF See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• COUNCILS OF LYONS
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

LYONS  . The first See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons (the thirteenth See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general council) met at the See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV. in See also:

• JUNE

June and See also:

• JULY

July of 1245, to deliberate on the conflict between See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church and See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, on the assistance to be granted to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land and the Eastern See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, on See also:

• MEASURES

measures of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, and on the suppression of See also:

• HERESY

heresy . Among the tasks of the council mentioned in the writs of See also:

• CON

con-vocation, the most important, in the eyes of the pope, was that it should lend him effectual aid in his labours to overthrow the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II.; and, with this See also:

• OBJECT

object in view, he had described the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod as a general council . Since its See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were not far in excess of 150 bishops and archbishops, and the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of these came from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; while the schismatic Greeks and the other countries—especially See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, whose interests were so deeply involved—were but weakly represented; the See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador of Frederick, Thaddaeus of Suessa, contested its oecumenicity in the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly itself . The condemnation of the emperor was a foregone conclusion . The articles of See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment described him as the " See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of tyranny, the destroyer of ecclesiastical See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma, the annihilator of the faith, the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty," and so forth; while the grossest calumnies were treated as approved facts . The objections of the ambassador, that the accused had not been regularly cited, that the pope was See also:

• PLAINTIFF

plaintiff and See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge in one, and that therefore the whole See also:

• PROCESS

process was anomalous, achieved as little success as his See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the future pontiff and to a truly See also:

• OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

oecumenical council . The representatives of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and France were equally unfortunate in their claim for a See also:

• PROROGATION

prorogation of the decision . On the 17th of July the See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict was pronounced by Innocent IV., excommunicating Frederick and dethroning him on the grounds of See also:

• PERJURY (through the Anglo-Fr. perjurie, modern parjure, Lat. perjurium, a false oath, perjurare, to swear falsely)

perjury, See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege, heresy and See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony . All oaths of fealty sworn to him were pronounced null and void, and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes were commanded to proceed with the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a new See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . In addition the council enacted decrees against the growing irregularities in the Church, and passed resolutions designed to support the Crusaders and revive the struggle for the Holy Land . See Mansi, Collectio conciliorum, tom. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.; Huillard-Breholles, Historia diplomatica Frederici II., 6 torn .

(See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1852–1861); See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, ed . 2, vol. v . (1886), pp . 1105-1126; Fr . W . Schirrmacher, Kaiser Friederich der Zweite (4 vols., See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1859–1865) ; H . Schulz, in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, ed . 3, vol. ix . (1901), p . 122 sqq., s.v . " Innocenz IV . ; A .

Folz, Kaiser See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich II. u . Papst Innocenz IV . (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1905) . The second Council of Lyons (the fourteenth general council) met from the 7th of May to the 17th of July 1274, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory X., and was designed to resolve three problems: to terminate the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• SCHISM

schism, to See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree a new Crusade, and to counteract the moral corruption among clerics and laity . The council entered on its third task at a very See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, with the result that the requisite See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for an adequate deliberation was not available . Nevertheless, on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, Gregory was enabled to publish See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-one constitutions, which may be taken to represent the fruits of the synod and its labours . The most important of the enactments passed is that regulating the papal election . It pre-scribed that the new election conducted by the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of cardinals should be held in See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

conclave (q.v.), and its duration abridged by progressive simplification of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal's See also:

• DIET

diet . The See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive for this decision, which has maintained its ground in ecclesiastical See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, was given by the circumstances which followed the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement IV . (1268) . The pope See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the Holy Land, from which he was recalled by his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the pontifical See also:

• THRONE

throne . He succeeded in bringing influential interests to See also:

• WORK

work in the cause; but his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of a great enter-prise backed by the whole force of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West came to nothing, for the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades was past .

His projected Crusade was interwoven with his endeavours to end the schism; and the See also:

• POLITICAL

political straits of the emperor See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• PALAEOLOGUS

Palaeologus in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople came to the aid of these aspirations . To ensure his safety against the attacks of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, who had pledged himself to assist the ex-emperor See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin in his reconquest of the Latin empire, Michael was required to own the supremacy of the pope in the spiritual domain; while Gregory, in return, would restrain the Sicilian monarch from hisbellicose policy with regard to the Eastern empire . The ambassadors of the emperor appeared at the council with letters acknowledging the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman pontiff and the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of faith previously dispatched from the eternal See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and submitted similarly-worded declarations from the heads of the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Church . One member of the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, the See also:

• LOGOTHETE (Med. Lat. logothela, Gr. Xo'yoBErtls, from Xdyos, word, account, calculation, and riOEvai, to set, i.e. " one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates ")

Logothete Georgius Acropolites, was authorized by the emperor to take an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath in his name, renouncing the schism . In See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, the subjection of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East to the Roman see was completed in the most binding forms, and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-desired See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union seemed at last assured . Gregory himself did not live to discover its illusory See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The Council of Lyons was, moreover, of importance for the German dynastic struggle: for Gregory took the first public step in favour of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, the king-elect, by receiving his See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy and denying an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience to the delegate of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival claimant, King See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile . See Mansi, Collectio conciliorum, torn. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . ; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vi. ed . 2 (1890), p . 119 sqq . Also C .

Mirbt, in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklop. f. protestantische Theologie, vol. vii . (1899), p . 122, S.V . " Gregor X." (C .