See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

LYONS (Fr. See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of eastern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone, 315 M . S.S.E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and 218 m . N. by W. of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles on the Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon railway . Pop . (1906) See also:

• TOWN

town, 430,186; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 472,114 . See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, which in France is second only to Paris in commercial and military importance, is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and the See also:

• SAONE

Saone at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 540 to See also:

• I000

I000 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, both flowing See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, are separated on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north by the See also:

• BILL

bill on which lies the populous working See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of Croix-Rousse, then by the narrow See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue ofland ending in the Perrache Quarter . The See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula thus formed is over 3 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and from 65o to loco yds. broad . It is traversed lengthwise by the finest streets of the city, the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue de la Republique, the rue de 1'H6tel de Ville, and the rue See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo . Where it enters Lyons the Saone has on its right the See also:

• FAUBOURG

faubourg of Vaise and on its See also:

• LEFT

left that of Serin, whence the ascent is made to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill of Croix-Rousse . Farther on, its right See also:

• BANK

bank is bordered by the scarped heights of Fourviere, St Irenee, Ste See also:

• FOY, MAXIMILIEN SEBASTIEN (1775-1825)

Foy, and St Just, leaving See also:

• ROOM

room only for the quays and one or two narrow streets; this is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• PART

part of the city . The See also:

• RIVER

river sweeps in a semicircle around this See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence (410 ft. above it), which is occupied by convents, hospitals and seminaries, and has at its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit the famous See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame de Fourviere, the resort of many thousands of pilgrims annually .

On the peninsula between the rivers, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the hill of Croix-Rousse, are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal quarters of the town : the Terreaux, containing the hotel de ville, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief commercial establishments; the wealthy residential quarter, centring See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place See also:

• BELLECOUR (1725-1778)

Bellecour, one of the finest squares in France; and the Perrache . The Rhone and Saone formerly met on the site of this quarter, till, in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the sculptor Perrache reclaimed it; on the peninsula thus formed stands the principal railway station, the Gare de Perrache with the Cours du Midi, the most extensive See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade in Lyons, stretching in front of it . Here, too, are the docks of the Saone, factories, the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, See also:

• GAS

gas-See also:

• WORKS

works and prisons . The Rhone, less confined than the Saone, flows swiftly in a wide channel, broken when the See also:

• WATER

water is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring by pebbly islets . On the right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand it skirts first St Clair, sloping upwards to Croix-Rousse, and then the districts of Terreaux, Bellecour and Perrache; on the left it has a low-lying See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, occupied by the See also:

• PARE, AMBROISE (1510-1590)

Pare de la The d'Or and the quarters of Brotteaux and Guillotiere . The See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park, together with its See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, comprises some 285 acres, and contains a zoological collection, botanical and pharmaceutical gardens, and the finest greenhouses in France, with unique collections of See also:

• ORCHIDS

orchids, See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-trees and Cycadaceae . It is defended from the Rhone by the Quai de la The d'Or, while on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the railway See also:

• LINE

line to See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva separates it from the See also:

• RACE

race-course . Brotteaux is a See also:

• MODERN

modern residential quarter . Guillotiere to the south consists largely of workmen's dwellings, bordering wide, See also:

• AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy thoroughfares . To the east extend the manufacturing suburbs of Villeurbanne and Montchat . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, displaced by the demolition of the lofty old houses and the widening of the streets on the peninsula, migrates to the left bank of the Rhone, the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the city into the plain of See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine being unhindered . The Rhone and the Saone are bordered by See also:

• FINE

fine quays and crossed by 24 See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges—11 over the Rhone, 12 over the Saone, and 1 at the confluence .

Of these the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont du See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

Change over the Saone and the Pont de la Guillotiere over the Rhone have replaced See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval bridges, the latter of the two preserving a portion of the old structure . Of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings Notre-Dame de Fourviere is the most celebrated . The name originally applied to a small See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel built in the 9th century on the site of the old See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum (forum Public vetus) from which it takes its name . It has been often Buildings. rebuilt, the chief feature being a modern Romanesque See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower surmounted by a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola and statue of the Virgin . In 1872 a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica was begun at its See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in token of the gratitude of the city for having escaped occupation by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German troops . The See also:

• BUILDING

building, finished in 1894, consists of a See also:

• NAVE

nave without aisles flanked at each exterior corner by a See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret and terminating in an See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse . The See also:

• FACADE

facade, the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• HALF

half of which is a lofty See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico supported on four See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite columns, is richly decorated on its upper half with statuary and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble and See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic have been lavishly used in the ornamentation of the interior and of the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt . Round the apse runs a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery from which, according to an old See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, a See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction is pronounced upon the town annually on the 8th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . From this gallery a magnificent view of the city and the surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country can be obtained . At the foot of the hill of Fourviere rises the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean, one of the finest examples of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in France . Begun in the 12th century, to the end of which the See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept and See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir belong, it was not finished till the 15th century, the gable and flanking towers of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west front being completed in 1480 .

A triple portal surmounted by a line of arcades and a See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose window gives entrance to the church . Two additional towers, that to the north containing one of the largest bells in France, rise at the extremities of the transept . The nave and choir contain fine stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass of the 13th and 14th centuries as well as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good modern glass . The chapel of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis or of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, to the right of the nave, is a masterpiece of Flamboyant Gothic . To the right and left of the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar stand two crosses preserved since the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of 1274 as a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union then agreed upon between the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin churches . Adjoining St Jean is the ancient Manecanterie or singers' See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, much mutilated and frequently restored, but still preserving graceful Romanesque arcades along its front . St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin d'Ainay, on the peninsula, is the oldest church in Lyons, dating from the beginning of the 6th century and subsequently attached to a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey . It was rebuilt in the loth and 11th centuries and restored in modern times, and is composed of a nave with four aisles, a transept and choir terminating in three semicircular apses ornamented with paintings by Hippolyte See also:

• FLANDRIN, JEAN HIPPOLYTE (1809-1864)

Flandrin, a native of Lyons . The church is surmounted by two towers, one in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the west front, the other at the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing; the four columns supporting the latter are said to have come from an altar to See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . A mosaic of the 12th century, a high altar decorated with mosaic See also:

• WORK

work and a beautifully carved See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

confessional are among the works of See also:

• ART

art in the interior . St Nizier, in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the city, was the first cathedral of Lyons; and the crypt in which St Pothinus officiated still exists . The See also:

• PRESENT

present church is a Gothic edifice of the 15th century, with the exception of the See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch, constructed by Philibert See also:

• DELORME, MARION (c. 1613-165o)

Delorme, a native of Lyons, in the 16th century .

The Church of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (12th and 15th centuries), situated on the right bank of the Saone, pre-serves an octagonal central tower and other portions of Romanesque architecture; that of St Bonaventure, originally a chapel of the See also:

• CORDELIERS, CLUB OF THE

Cordeliers, was rebuilt in the 15th and 19th centuries . With the exception of the imposing prefecture, the vast buildings of the faculties, which are in the Guillotiere quarter, and the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, the See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade of which overlooks the Saone from its right bank, the chief See also:

• CIVIL

civil buildings are in the vicinity of the Place See also:

• DES

des Terreaux . The east side of this square (so called from the terreaux or See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth with which the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal formerly connecting the Rhone and the Saone hereabouts was filled) is formed by the hotel de ville (17th century), the east facade of which, towards the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre, is the more pleasing . The south side of the square is occupied by the Palais des Arts, built in the 17th century as a Benedictine See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent and now accommodating the school of fine arts, the museums of See also:

• PAINTING

painting and sculpture, See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, and the library of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, arts and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . The museums are second in importance only to those of Paris . The collection of antiquities, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in Gallo-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, contains the See also:

• BRONZE

bronze tablets discovered in 1528, on which is engraved a portion of a speech delivered in A.D . 48, by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, advocating the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of citizens •of Gallia Comata to the Roman See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . The " See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension," a masterpiece of See also:

• PERUGINO, PIETRO (1446-1524)

Perugino, is the chief treasure of the art collection, in which are works by nearly all the See also:

• GREAT

great masters . A See also:

• SPECIAL

special gallery contains the works of artists of Lyons, among whom are numbered See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine Berjon, See also:

• MEISSONIER, JEAN LOUIS ERNEST (1815–1891)
• MEISSONIER, JUSTE

Meissonier, Paul Chenavard, Puvis de Chavannes . In the Rue de la Republique, between the Place de la See also:

• BOURSE (from the Med. Lat. bursa, a purse)

Bourse and the Place des Cordeliers, each of which contains one of its highly ornamented fronts, stands the Palais du See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce et de la Bourse, the finest of the modern buildings of Lyons . The Bourse (See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange) has its offices on the ground See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor round the central glass-roofed See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall; the upper storeys accommodate the commercial tribunal, the council of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration, the chamber of commerce and the Musee historique des Tissus, in which the history of the See also:

• WEAVING

weaving industry is illustrated by nearly 400,000 examples . In the buildings of the lycee on the right bank of the Rhone are the municipal library and a collection of globes, among them the great terrestrial globe made at Lyons in 1701, indicating the great See also:

• AFRICAN

African lakes .

The Hotel Dieu, instituted according to tradition in the beginning of the 6th century by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHILDEBERT

Childebert, is still one of the chief charitable establishments in the city . The present building See also:

• DATES

dates from the 18th century; its facade, fronting the west See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay of the Rhone for over l000 ft., was begun according to the designs of Soufflot, architect of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at Paris . The See also:

• HOSPICE (Lat. hospitium, entertainment, hospitality, inn, hospes, host)

Hospice de la Charite and the military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital are on the same bank slightly farther down stream . The Hospice de l'Antiquaille, at Fourviere, occupies the site of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the praetorian prefects, in which Germanicus, Claudius and See also:

• CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla were See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . Each of these hospitals contains more than moo beds . Lyons has many other benevolent institutions, and is also the centre of the operations of the Societe de la See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation de la Foi . The chief monuments are the equestrian statue of Louis XIV. in the Place Bellecour, the monuments of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot, See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SUCHET, LOUIS GABRIEL

Suchet, the physicist See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre-See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• AMPERE, ANDRE MARIE (1775–1836)
• AMPERE, JEAN JACQUES (1800-1864)

Ampere, and those in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic and in memory of the citizens of the department who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1870-71 . The most 'See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain is that in the Place des Terreaux with the leaden See also:

• GROUP

group by Bartholdi representing the rivers on their way to the ocean . There are Roman remains—See also:

• BATHS

baths, tombs and the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of a theatre—in the St Just quarter on the right bank of the Saone . Three ancient aqueducts on the Fourviere level, from Montromant, Mont d'Or and Mont Pilat, can still be traced . Magnificent remains of the latter work may be seen at St Irenee and Chaponost . Traces also exist along the Rhone of a subterranean canal conveying the water of the river to a naumachia (lake for mimic sea-fights) .

See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa made Lyons the starting-point of the principal Roman roads throughout See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul; and it remains an important centre in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SYSTEM

system of communication owing to its position on the natural See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway from north to south-eastern France . The Saone above the town and the Rhone below have large See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

barge and steamboat See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranee railway runs first through the station at Vaise, on the right bank of the Saone, and thence to that of Perrache, the chief station in the city . The line next in importance, that to Geneva, has its station in the Brotteaux quarter, and the line of the eastern Lyonnais to St Genix d'Aoste has a See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus at Guillotiere; both these lines See also:

• LINK

link up with the Paris-Lyon main line . The railway to See also:

• MONTBRISON

Montbrison starts from the terminus of St Paul in Fourviere and that to Bourg, Trevoux and the See also:

• DOMBES

Dombes region from the station of Croix-Rousse . A less important line to Vaugneray and Mornant has a terminus at St Just . Besides the extensive system of See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street tramways, See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable tramways (ficelles) run to the summits of the eminences cf Croix-Rousse, Fourviere and St Just . Lyons is, next to Paris, the principal fortress of the interior of France, and, like the capital, possesses a military See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The immediate See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the city is provided for on the east side by a modern See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple trace, in the plain (subsidiary to this is a group of fairly modern detached forts forming an advanced position at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Bron), and on the west by a line of detached forts, not of See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, along the high ground on the right bank of the Saone . Some older forts and a portion of the old enceinte are still kept up in the city itself, and two of these forts, Montessuy and Caluire, situated on the peninsula, serve with their annexes to connect the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extremities of the two lines above mentioned . The main line of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence is as usual the See also:

• OUTER

outer fort-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, the perimeter of which is more than 4o m., and the mean distance from the centre of the city 62 m . This naturally divides into four sections .

In Defence. the eastern plain, well in advance of the enceinte, eight principal sites have been fortified, Feyzin, Corbas, St See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

Priest, Genas, Azieu, Meyzieux, Decines and Chaurant . These See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a semicircle from the lower to the upper reaches of the Rhone . The northern (or north eastern) See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, between the Rhone and the Saone, has fort ron and Vancia as its principal defences; these and theigiary batteries derive some additional support from the forts Montessuy and Caluire mentioned above . On the north-west side there is a strong group of works disposed like a See also:

• REDAN

redan, of which the salient, fort See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun and annexes, is on the high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of Mont d'Or pointing northward, and the faces, represented by forts Freta and Paillet, are lower down on the spurs of the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, facing north-east and north-west respectively . The south-western section comprises three principal See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, Bruisson, COte-Lorette and Montcorin-Champvillard, the last-named crossing its See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire over the Lower Rhone with Fort Feyzin . Lastly a connecting See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery was built near Chapoly in 1895 to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the See also:

• GAP

gap between the north-western and south-western sections and to command the westward approaches by the valley of Charbonnieres . Lyons is the headquarters of the XIV. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army-See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, the seat of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop who holds the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate of the Gauls and also that of archbishop of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne, and of a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, a court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, a court of assizes, tribunals of commerce and of first instance, and of two boards of trade arbitration (conseils de prud'hommes) . It is the centre of an acadimie (educational See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) and has a university with faculties of law, letters, science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy . There are also See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faculties (facultes libres) of law, See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, science and letters, three lycees, training colleges for teachers and numerous See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor educational establishments . There are besides many special See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools at Lyons, the more important being the school of fine arts which was founded in the 18th century to See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train competent designers for the textile manufactures, but has also done much for painting and sculpture; an army medical school, schools of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, See also:

• MUSIC

music, commerce (ecole superieure de commerce), weaving, tanning, See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-making and applied See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, and the ecoles La Martiniere for See also:

• FREE

free instruction in science- and art as applied to industry . The veterinary school, instituted in 1761, was the first of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; its laboratory for the study of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology is admirably equipped . Besides the Academie des Sciences, Belles Lettres et Arts (founded in 17o0), Lyons possesses See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of agriculture, natural history, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, See also:

• HORTICULTURE
• HORTICULTURE (Lat. hortus, a garden)

horticulture, &c .

Its trade in See also:

• SILK

silk and silk goods has formed the basis of the prosperity of Lyons for several centuries . Derived from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, this industry Industry rapidly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, thanks to the See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly granted to the and trade . city in 145o by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII. and to the patronage of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I., See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. and Henry IV . From See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time new kinds of fabrics were invented—silk stuffs woofed with See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool or with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver threads, shawls, watered silks, poplins, velvets, satinades, moires, &c . In the beginning of the 19th century J . M . See also:

• JACQUARD, JOSEPH MARIE (1752-1834)

Jacquard introduced his famous See also:

• LOOM

loom by which a single work-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man was enabled to produce elaborate fabrics as easily as the plainest See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web, and by changing the "cartoons " to make the most different textures on the same looms . In the 17th century the silk manufacture employed at Lyons, 9000 to 12,000 looms . After the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes the number sank to 3000 or 4000; but after the Reign of Terror was past it rose again about 1801 to 12,000 . Towards the middle of the 19th century the weaving See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the industry began to See also:

• DESERT

desert Lyons for the surrounding districts . The city remains the business centre for the trade and carries on See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and other See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory processes . Lyons disputes with See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan the position of the leading silk See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market of Europe . In 1905 the special See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office (la See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

Condition des soles) which determines the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the silk examined over 4700 tons of silk .

France furnished barely one-tenth of this quantity, two-thirds came from See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest from Italy and the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . The traders of Lyons re-export seven-twelfths of these silks, the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of the town employing the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder . An almost equal quantity of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, wool and See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste-silk threads is mixed with the silk . A few thousand hand-looms are still worked in the town, more especially producing the richest materials, 5o,000 or 55,000 in the surrounding districts, and some 33,000 See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine looms in the suburbs and neighbouring departments . Allied industries such as dyeing, See also:

• FINISHING

finishing and printing, employ 12,000 workers . Altogether 360,000 workpeople depend upon the silk industry . In 1905 the See also:

• TOTAL

total value of the manufacture was £15,710,000, the chief items being pure silk textures (plain) £3,336,000; textures of silk mixed with other materials £3,180,000; silk and foulards £1,152,000; muslins £3,800,000, this product having increased from £100,000 in 1894 . Speaking roughly the raw material represents half the value, and the value of the labour the remaining half . About 30% of the silk goods of Lyons finds a market in France . Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain imported them to the value of over £6,000,000, and the See also:

• UNITED

United States to the value of over £1,600,000, notwithstanding the heavy See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . The dyeing industry and the manufacture of chemicals have both developed considerably to meet the requirements of the silk trade . Large quantities of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable colouring matters are produced and there is besides a large output of See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue, gelatine, superphosphates and See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus, all made from bones and hides, of picric, tartaric, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, sulphates of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, and pharmaceutical and other chemical products .

Lyons does a large trade in metals, iron, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel and copper, and utilizes them in the manufacture of iron 'buildings, framework, bridges, machinery, railway material, scales, See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal cables, pins and needles, copper-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and the making of clocks and bronzes . Gold and silver-working is of importance, especially for See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery and articles used in religious ceremonies . Other industries are those of printing, the manufacture of glass goods, of See also:

• TOBACCO