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JOHN MACCULLOCH (1773-1835)

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 209 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN See also:MACCULLOCH (1773-1835)  , Scottish geologist, descended from the Maccullochs of Nether Ardwell in See also:Galloway, was See also:born in See also:Guernsey, on the 6th of See also:October 1773, his See also:mother being a native of that See also:island . Having displayed remarkable M'CULLOCH See also:powers as a boy, he was sent to study See also:medicine in the university of See also:Edinburgh, where he qualified as M.D. in 1793, and then entered the See also:army as assistant surgeon . Attaching himself to the See also:artillery, he became chemist to the See also:board of See also:ordnance (1803) . He still continued, however, to practise for a See also:time as a physician, and during the years 1807–1811 he resided at See also:Blackheath . In 1811 he communicated his first papers to the See also:Geological Society . They were devoted to an elucidation of the geological structure of Guernsey, of the Channel Islands, and of See also:Heligoland . The See also:evidence they afforded of his capacity, and the fact that he already had received a scientific See also:appointment, probably led to his being selected in the same See also:year to make some geological and mineralogical investigations in See also:Scotland . He was asked to See also:report upon stones adapted for use in See also:powder-See also:mills, upon the suitability of the See also:chief Scottish mountains for a repetition of the pendulum experiments previously conducted by See also:Maskelyne and See also:Playfair at Schiehallion, and on the deviations of the plumb-See also:line along the See also:meridian of the Trigonometrical Survey . In the course of the explorations necessary for the purposes of these reports he made extensive observations on the See also:geology and See also:mineralogy of Scotland . He formed also a collection of the See also:mineral productions and rocks of that See also:country, which he presented to the Geological Society in 1814 . In that year he was appointed geologist to the Trigonometrical Survey; and in 1816–1817 he was See also:president of the Geological Society . Comparatively little had been done in the investigation of Scottish geology, and finding the See also:field so full of promise, he devoted himself to its cultivation with See also:great ardour .

One of his most important labours was the examination of the whole range of islands along the See also:

west of Scotland, at that time not easily visited, and presenting many obstacles to a scientific explorer . The results of this survey appeared (1819) in the See also:form of his Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, including the Isle of See also:Man (2 vols . 8vo, with an See also:atlas of plates in 4to), which forms one of the classical See also:treatises on See also:British geology . He was elected F.R.S. in 182o . He continued to write papers, chiefly on the rocks and minerals of Scotland, and had at last gathered so large an amount of See also:information that the See also:government was prevailed upon in the year 1826 to employ him in the preparation of a geological See also:map of Scotland . From that date up to the time of his See also:death he returned each summer to . Scotland and traversed every See also:district of the See also:kingdom, inserting the geological features upon See also:Arrowsmith's map, the only one then available for his purpose . He completed the field-See also:work in 1832, and in 1834 his map and memoir were ready for publication, but these were not issued until 1836, the year after he died . Among his other See also:works the following may be mentioned: A Geological See also:Classification of Rocks with Descriptive Synopses of the See also:Species and Varieties, comprising the Elements of See also:Practical Geology (1821); The See also:Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland, in a See also:series of letters to See also:Sir See also:Walter See also:Scott (4 vols . 1824); A See also:System of Geology, with a Theory of the See also:Earth and an Examination of its Connexion with the Sacred Records (2 vols . 1831) . During a visit to See also:Cornwall he was killed by being dragged along in the See also:wheel of his See also:carriage, on the 21st of See also:August 1835 .

In penning an obituary See also:

notice, C . See also:Lyell in 1836 (Prot . Geol . See also:Soc. ii . 357) acknowledged " with gratitude " that he had " received more instruction from See also:Macculloch's labours in geology than from those of any living writer." M'CULLOCH, See also:JOHN See also:RAMSAY (1789-1864), British economist and statistician, was born on the 1st of See also:March 1789 at See also:Whithorn in See also:Wigtownshire . His See also:family belonged to the class of " states-men," or small landed proprietors . He was for some time employed at Edinburgh as a clerk in the See also:office of a writer to the signet . But, the Scotsman newspaper having been established at the beginning of 1817, M'Culloch sent a contribution to the See also:fourth number, the merit of which was at once recognized; he soon became connected with the management of the See also:paper, and during 1818 and 1819 acted as editor . Most of his articles related to questions of See also:political See also:economy, and he delivered lectures in Edinburgh on that See also:science . He now also began to write on subjects of the same class in the Edinburgh See also:Review, married by See also:Hugh See also:Macdonald of Armadale . She was brought up under the care of the chief of her See also:clan, Macdonald of Clanranald, and was partly educated in Edinburgh . In See also:June 1746 she was living in Benbecula in the See also:Hebrides when See also:Prince See also:Charles See also:Edward (q.v.) took See also:refuge there after the See also:battle of See also:Culloden .

The prince's See also:

companion, See also:Captain O'See also:Neill, sought her help . The island was held for the government by the See also:local See also:militia, but the See also:secret sympathies of the Macdonalds were with the Jacobite cause . After some hesitation See also:Flora promised to help . At a later See also:period she told the See also:duke of See also:Cumberland, son of See also:George III. and See also:commander-in-chief in Scotland, that she acted from charity and would have helped him also if he had been defeated and in See also:distress, a statement which need not be accepted as quite literally true . The commander of the militia in the island, a Macdonald, who was probably admitted into the secret, gave her a pass to the See also:main-See also:land for herself, a manservant, an Irish See also:spinning maid, See also:Betty See also:Burke, and a See also:boat's See also:crew of six See also:min . The prince was disguised as Betty Burke . After a first repulse at Waternish, the party landed at Portree . The prince was hidden in a See also:cave while Flora Macdonald found help for him in the neighbourhood, and was finally able to See also:escape . He had See also:left Benbecula on the 27th of June . The talk of the boatmen brought suspicion on Flora Macdonald, and she was arrested and brought to See also:London . After a See also:short imprisonment in the See also:Tower, she was allowed to live outside of it, under the guard of a " messenger " or gaoler . When the See also:Act of See also:Indemnity was passed in 1747 she was left at See also:liberty .

Phoenix-squares

Her courage and See also:

loyalty had gained her See also:general sympathy, which was increased by her See also:good See also:manners and See also:gentle See also:character . Dr See also:Johnson, who saw her in 1773, describes her as " a woman of soft features, gentle manners and elegant presence." In 1750 she married See also:Allen Macdonald of Kingsburgh, and in 1773 they emigrated to See also:America . In the See also:War of See also:Independence he served the British government and was taken prisoner . In 1779 his wife returned See also:home in a See also:merchant See also:ship which was attacked by a See also:privateer . She refused to leave the See also:deck during the See also:action, and was wounded in the See also:arm . She died on the 5th of March 1790 . There is a statue to her memory in See also:Inverness . Flora Macdonald had a large family of sons, who mostly entered the army or See also:navy, and two daughters . See A . C . See also:Ewald, See also:Life and Times of Prince Charles Edward (1886) . The so-called Autobiography of Flora Macdonald, published by her See also:grand-daughter F .

F . Walde (187o) is of small value . his first contribution being an See also:

article on See also:Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy in 1818 . Within the next few years he gave both public lectures and private instruction in London on political economy . In 1823 he was chosen to fill the lecture-ship established by subscription in See also:honour of the memory of Ricardo . A See also:movement was set on See also:foot in 1825 by See also:Jeffrey and others to induce the government to found in the university of Edinburgh a See also:chair of political economy, See also:separate from that of moral See also:philosophy, the intention being to obtain the appointment for M`Culloch . This project See also:fell to the ground; but in 1828 he was made See also:professor of political economy in London University . He then fixed his See also:residence permanently in London, where he continued his See also:literary work, being now one of the See also:regular writers in the Edinburgh Review . In 1838 he was appointed See also:comptroller of the See also:stationery office; the duties of this position, which he held till his death, he discharged with conscientious fidelity, and introduced important reforms in the management of the See also:department . Sir See also:Robert See also:Peel, in recognition of the services he had rendered to political science, conferred on him a literary See also:pension of £200 per annum . He was elected a See also:foreign See also:associate of the See also:Institute of See also:France (Acadcmie See also:des sciences morales et politiques) . He died in London, after a short illness, on the 11th of See also:November 1864, in the seventy-See also:sixth year of his See also:age .

To his See also:

personal character and social qualities very favourable testimony was See also:borne by those who knew him best . In general politics he always remained a Whig pure and See also:simple; though he was in intimate relations with See also:James See also:Mill and his circle, he never shared the See also:Radical opinions of that See also:group . M'Culloch cannot be regarded as an See also:original thinker on political economy . He did not contribute any new ideas to that science, or introduce any noteworthy correction of the views, either as to method or See also:doctrine, generally accepted by the dominant school of his See also:day . But the work he did must be pronounced, in relation to the wants of his time, a very valuable one . His name will probably be less permanently associated with anything he has written on economic science, strictly so called, than with his great statistical and other compilations . His See also:Dictionary of See also:Commerce and Commercial See also:Navigation (1832) and his Statistical See also:Account of the British See also:Empire (1837) remain imposing monuments of his extensive and varied knowledge and his indefatigable See also:industry . Another useful work of reference, also the See also:fruit of wide erudition and much labour, is his Literature of Political Economy (1845) . Though weak on the See also:side of the foreign literature of the science, it is very valuable as a See also:critical and See also:biographical See also:guide to British writers . McCULLOUGH, JOHN EDWARD (1837—1885), See also:American actor, was born in See also:Coleraine, See also:Ireland, on the 2nd of November 1837 . He went to America at the age of sixteen, and made his first See also:appearance on the See also:stage at the See also:Arch See also:Street See also:Theatre, See also:Philadelphia, in 1857 . In support of See also:Edwin See also:Forrest and Edwin See also:Booth he played second roles in Shakespearian and other tragedies, and Forrest left him by will all his prompt books .

Virginius was his greatest success, although even in this See also:

part and as Othello he was coldly received in See also:England (1881) . In 1884 he See also:broke down physically and mentally, and he died in an See also:asylum at Philadelphia on the 8th of November 1885 .

End of Article: JOHN MACCULLOCH (1773-1835)
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