MACEDONIAN See also:

• EMPIRE

EMPIRE  , the name generally given to the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire founded by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great of Macedon in the countries now represented by See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and eastwards as far as See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India.' The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article contains a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the empire in its various aspects . It falls naturally into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions:—I . The reign of Alexander . II . The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his successors, the " See also:

• DIADOCHI (Gr. &aUxeo-Oat, to receive from another)

Diadochi " and their dynasties . I . The Reign of Alexander . At the beginning of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. two types of See also:

• POLITICAL

political association confronted each other in the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean,— 1 . Greeks the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy with its huge agglomeration and of subject peoples, and the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city-See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Each Persians . had a different principle of strength . The Persian monarchy was strong in its See also:

• SIZE

size, in the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere amount of men and treasure it could dispose of under a single See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; the Greek state was strong in its morale, in the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and discipline of its soldiery .

But the smallness of the single city-states and their unwillingness to combine prevented this superiority in quality from telling destructively upon the bulk of the Persian empire . The future belonged to any See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power that could combine the advantages of both systems, could make a state larger than the Greek polis, and animated by a spirit equal to that of the Greek soldier . This was achieved by the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia . The See also:

• WORK

work, begun by his predecessors, of consolidating the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom internally and making. its See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army a fighting-See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine of high power was com- pleted by the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II . (359–336 B.C.), who at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy brought the Greek states of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula generally to recognize his single predominance . At the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth (338) Philip was solemnly declared the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-general (arparrt'yos avroeparwp) of the Hellenes against the Great See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King . The attack on Persia was delayed by the assassination of Philip in 336, and it needed some fighting before the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Alexander had made his position secure in Macedonia and Greece . The recognition as captain-general he had obtained at another synod in Corinth, by an imposing military demonstration in Greece immediately upon his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . Then came the invasion of the Persian empire by Alexander in 334 at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an army composed both of Macedonians and contingents from the allied Greek states . Before this force the Persian monarchy went down, and when Alexander died eleven years later (323) a Macedonian empire which covered all the territory of the old Persian empire, and even more, was a realized fact . The empire outside of Macedonia itself consisted of 22 provinces . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, (I) See also:

• THRACE

Thrace; in Asia Minor, (2) See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia on the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont, (3) See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, (4) See also:

• CARIA

Caria, (5) See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia and Pamphyha, (6) Great 2 .

Extent of Phrygia, (7) See also:

• PAPHLAGONIA

Paphlagonia and See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia; between the Empire. the See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus and See also:

• IRAN

Iran, (8) See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, (9) Syria, (to) Mesopo- tamia, (II) Babylonia, (12) Susiana; in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, (13) Egypt; in Iran, (14) See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

Persis, (15) See also:

• MEDIA

Media, (16) See also:

• PARTHIA

Parthia and See also:

• HYRCANIA

Hyrcania, (17) See also:

• BACTRIA (Bactriana)

Bactria and See also:

• SOGDIANA (Sugdiane, O. Pers. Sughuda)

Sogdiana, (18) Areia and Drangiana, (19) Carmania, (20) Arachosia and Gedrosia ; lastly the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian provinces, (21) the Paropanisidae (the See also:

• KABUL

Kabul valley), and (22) the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province assigned to Pithon, the son of Agenor, upon the See also:

• INDUS

Indus (J . Beloch, Griech . Gesch . III . [ii.], p . 236 seq . ; for the Indian provinces cf . B . Niese, Gesch. der griech. and maked . Slaaten, I. p . 500 seq.) . Hardly provinces proper, but rather client principalities, were the two native kingdoms to which Alexander had See also:

• LEFT

left the conquered See also:

• LAND

land beyond the Indus—the kingdoms of Taxiles and See also:

• PORUS (4th century B.C.)

Porus .

The conquered empire presented Alexander with a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government' ready-made, which it was natural for the new masters to take over . For the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic provinces and Egypt, the old Persian name of satrapy (see See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

SATRAP) was still re- 3 . System tained, but the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor seems to have been styled 0f Govern-officially in Greek strategos, although the See also:

• TERM

term satrap See also:

• MEAT

meat' certainly continued current in See also:

• COMMON

common parlance . The See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors appointed by Alexander were, in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the empire, exclusively Macedonians; in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, members of the Old Persian See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility were still among the satraps at Alexander's See also:

• DEATH

death, Atropates in Media, Phrataphernes in Parthia and Hyrcania, For the events which brought this empire into being see ALEXANDER THE GREAT . For the detailed accounts of the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate dynasties into which it was divided after Alexander's death, see SELEUCID See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

DYNASTY, ANTIGONUS, See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

PERGAMUM, &C., and for its effect on the spread of Hellenic culture see See also:

• HELLENISM
• HELLENISM (from Or. EAXspiL'sty, to imitate the Greeks, who were known as "EAAi7ves, after "EAA17v, the son of Deucalion)

HELLENISM . and Alexander's See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Oxyartes in the Paropanisidae . Alexander had at first trusted Persian grandees more freely in this capacity; in Babylonia, Bactria, Carmania, Susiana he had set Persian governors, till the ingrained See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental tradition of misgovernment so declared itself that to the three latter provinces certainly Macedonians had been appointed before his death . Otherwise the only eastern satrapy whose governor was not a Macedonian, was Areia, under Stasanor, a Cypriote Greek. in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of certain provinces, possibly in the empire generally, Alexander established a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . The See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was entrusted to separate officials; we hear of such in Lydia (Arr. i . 17, 7), Babylonia (id. iii . 16, 4), and notably in Egypt (id. iii . 5, 4) .

Higher financial controllers seem to have been over See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of provinces (See also:

• PHILOXENUS
• PHILOXENUS (Syriac, Aksenaya)

Philoxenus over Asia Minor, Arr. i . 17, 7; see Beloch, Gr . Gesch . III . [i] p . 14), and Harpalus over the whole finances of the empire, with his seat in See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon . Again the garrisons in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cities, such as See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis, Babylon, See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis See also:

• PELUSIUM

Pelusium and See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa, were under commands distinct from those of the provinces . The old Greek cities of the motherland were not formally subjects of the empire, but See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign states, which assembled at Corinth as members of a great See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, in which the Macedonian king was included as a member and held the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of captain-general . The Greek cities of Asia Minor stood to him in a similar relation, though not included in the Corinthian alliance, but in federations of their own (Kaerst, Cesch. d. hellenist . Zeitalt. i . 261 seq.) . Their territory was not See also:

• PART

part of the king's See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (baser. in the Brit .

See also:

• MUS

Mus . No . 400) . Of course, in fact, the power of the king was so vastly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior that the Greek cities were in reality subject to his dictation, even in so intimate a See also:

• MATTER

matter as the readmission of their exiles, and might be obliged to receive his garrisons . Within the empire itself, the various communities were allowed, subject to the interference of the king or his officials, to See also:

• MANAGE

manage their own affairs . Alexander is said to have granted the Lydians to be " See also:

• FREE

free " and " to use the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Lydians," whatever exactly these expressions may mean (Arr. i . 17, 4) . So too in Egypt, the native monarchs were left as the See also:

• LOCAL

local authorities (Arr. iii . 5, 4) . Especially to the gods of the conquered See also:

• PEOPLE

people Alexander showed respect . In Egypt and in Babylon he appeared as the restorer of the native religions to See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour after the unsympathetic See also:

• RULE

rule of the Persians . The See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk in Babylon which had fallen began to rise again at his command .

It is possible that he offered See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to Yahweh in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . In Persia, the native See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy retained their power, and the Macedonian governor adopted Persian See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners (Diod. xix . 48, 5; Arr. vi . 30) . A new See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor introduced by Alexander was the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Greek cities at all See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical points of intercourse in the conquered lands . These, no doubt, possessed municipal See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy with the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary organization of the Greek state; to what extent they were formally and regularly controlled by the provincial authorities we do not know; Pithon, the satrap of the Indian province is specially described as sent "in colonias in Indis conditas" (Just. xiii . 4, 21) . The empire included large tracts of See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain or See also:

• DESERT

desert, inhabited by tribes, which the Persian government had never subdued . The subjugation of such districts could only be by a system of effective military occupation and would be a work of time; but Alexander made a beginning by punitive expeditions, as occasion offered, calculated to reduce the free tribes to tempo- rary quiet ; we hear of such expeditions in the case of the Pisidians, the tribes of the See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon, the Uxii (in Kuuzistan), the Tapyri (in the See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz), the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-peoples of Bajaor and See also:

• SWAT

Swat, the Cossaei (in See also:

• KURDISTAN

Kurdistan); an expedition against the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs was in prepara- tion when Alexander died . See A . Kohler, Reichsverwaltung u . Politik See also:

• ALEXANDERS (botanical name, Smyrnium Olusatrum, natural order Umbelliferae)

Alexanders See also:

• DES

des Grossen in Klio, v .

303 seq . (1905) . Alexander, who set out as king of the Macedonians and captain- general of the Hellenes, assumed after the death of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius the r, See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court. See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Oriental great king . He adopted the Persian garb (See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, de fort . Al. i . 8) in- cluding a head-dress, the diadema, which was suggested by that of the Achaemenian king (Just. xii . 3, 8) . We hear also of a See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre as part of his insignia (Diod. xviii . 27, 1) . The pomps and ceremonies which were traditional in the East were to be continued . To the Greeks and Macedonians such a regime was abhorrent, and the opposition roused by Alexander's See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to introduce among them the practice of proskynesis (prostration before the royal presence), was See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter and effectual . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of chiliarch, by which the Greeks had described the great king's chief See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, in accordance with the Persian title which described him as " See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of a thousand," i.e. of the royal See also:

• BODY

body-guard, was conferred by Alexander upon his friend See also:

• HEPHAESTION

Hephaestion .

The Greek See also:

• CHARES

Chares held the position of chief See also:

• USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
• USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)

usher (eicrayyeXeis) . Another Greek, See also:

• EUMENES
• EUMENES (c. 360-316 B.C.)

Eumenes of Cardia, was chief secretary (apxcypaµµarebs) . The figure of the See also:

• EUNUCH (Gr. Evvoi3Xos)

eunuch, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long characteristic of the Oriental court, was as prominent as ever (e.g . See also:

• BAGOAS

Bagoas, Plut . Alex . 67, &c.; cf . Arr. vii . 24) . Alexander, however, who impressed his contemporaries by his sexual continence, kept no See also:

• HAREM

harem of the old sort . The number of his wives did not go beyond two, and the second, the daughter of Darius, he did not take till a See also:

• YEAR

year before his death . In closest contact with the king's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person were the seven, or latterly eight, body-See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, awparodbkafter, Macedonians of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, including See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy and See also:

• LYSIMACHUS (c. 355—281 B.C.)

Lysimachus, the future kings of Egypt, and Thrace (Arr. vi . 28, 4) .

The institution, which the Macedonian court before Alexander had borrowed from Persia, of a See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of pages composed of the young sons of the nobility (?raises l3avLX sot or /3aatXmmot) continued to hold an important. See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the system of the court and in Alexander's See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns (see Arr. iv . 13, 1; Curt. viii . 6, 6; Suid. i tto-0. m aaiSes; cf. the iraTes of Eumenes, Diod. xix . 28, 3) . See Spiecker, Der See also:

• HOF

Hof and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Hofordnung Alex. d . Grossen (19o4) . The army of Alexander was an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument which he inherited from his father Philip . Its core was composed of the Macedonian peasantry who served on See also:

• FOOT

foot in heavy See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour (" the s . Army . Foot-companions ")?reg"era%poi) . They formed the See also:

• PHALANX (Gr. /&Xa'y, , of unknown origin)

phalanx, and were divided into 6 brigades (riEas), probably on the 'territorial system . Their distinctive See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm was the great Macedonian See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike (sarissa), some 14 ft. long, of further reach than the ordinary Greek See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear .

They were normally See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in more open See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order than the heavy Greek phalanx, and possessed thereby a mobility and See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity in which the latter was fatally deficient . Reckoning 1,500 to- each See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade, we got a See also:

• TOTAL

total for the phalanx of 9,000 men . Of higher rank than the pezetaeri were the royal foot-guards (fiacnXecoi bxae,riarai), some 3,000 in number, more lightly armed, and distinguished (at any See also:

• RATE

rate at the time of Alexander's death) by See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields . Of these 1,000 constituted the royal corps (rb R'yi sa ri 13aaiXiKbv) . The Macedonian See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry was recruited from a higher grade of society than the See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, the petite noblesse of the nation . They See also:

• BORE

bore by old See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom the name of the king's Companions (Era"apoL), and were distributed into 8 territorial squadrons See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

Oat) of probably some 250 men each, making a normal total of 2;000 . In the cavalry also the most privileged See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron bore the name of the agema . The ruder peoples which were neighbors to the Macedonians (Paeonians, Agrianes, Thracians) furnished contingents of See also:

• LIGHT

light cavalry and javelilteers (lucovrLarai) . From the Thessalians the Macedonian king, as overlord, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew some thousand excellent troopers . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Alexander's army was composed of Greeks, not formally his subjects . These served partly as mercenaries, partly in contingents contributed by the states in virtue of their alliance . According to Diodorus (xvii .

17, 3) at the time of Alexander's passage into Asia, the mercenaries numbered 5,000, and the troops of the alliance 7,000 foot and 600 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . All these See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers take no account of the troops left behind in Macedonia, 12,000 foot and 1,500 horse, according to Diodorus . When Alexander was See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Asia, innovations followed in the army . Already in 330 at See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis, the command went forth that 30,000 young Asiatics were to be trained as Macedonian soldiers (the See also:

• EPIGONI (" descendants ")

epigoni, Arr. vii., 6, 1) . Contingents of the See also:

• FINE

fine Bactrian cavalry followed Alexandc r into India . Persian nobles were admitted into the agema of the Macedonian cavalry . A far more See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical re-modelling of the army was undertaken at Babylon in 323, by which the old phalanx system was to be given up for one in which the unit was to be composed of Macedonians with pikes and Asiatics with missile arms in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination—a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change calculated to be momentous both from a military point of view in the coming See also:

• WARS

wars, andfrom a olitical, in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• FUSION

fusion of Europeans and Asiatics . The death ofpAlexander interrupted the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and his successors reverted to the older system . In the wars of Alexander the phalanx was never the most active arm; Alexander delivered his telling attacks -with his cavalry, whereas the slow-moving phalanx held rather the position of a reserve, and was brought up to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete a victory when the cavalry charges had already taken effect . Apart from the pitched battles, the warfare of Alexander was largely hill-fighting, in which the hypaspistae took the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal part, and the contingents of light-armed hillmen from the Balkan region did excellent service . For Alexander's army and See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, beside the See also:

• REGULAR

regular histories open new ways . The voyage of See also:

• NEARCHUS

Nearchus from the Indus to the (See also:

• DROYSEN, JOHANN GUSTAV (1808—1884)

Droysen, Niese, Beloch, Kaerst), see D .

G . See also:

• HOGARTH, WILLIAM (1697–1764)

Hogarth, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates was intended to See also:

• LINK

link India by a waterway with the der., xvii . 1 seq . (corrected at some points in his Philip and Alex- Mediterranean lands . So too Heraclides was sent to explore an der) . The modifications in the army system were closely connected the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian; the survey, and possible circumnavigation, of the with Alexander's general policy, in which the fusion of Greeks Arabian coasts was the last enterprise which occupied Alexander . 6 . Fusion of and Asiatics held so prominent a place . He had The improvement of waterways in the interior of the empire was Greeks and himself, as we have seen, assumed to some extent not neglected, the Babylonian See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal system was repaired, the Asiatics. the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of a Persian king . The Macedonian obstructions in the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris removed . A canal was attempted Peucestas received See also:

• SPECIAL

special marks of his favour for adopting the across the Mimas promontory (Plin . N.H. v .

116) . The reports Persian dress . The most striking See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of his ideals was of the /3mµaru rrai, Baeton and See also:

• DIOGNETUS, EPISTLE TO

Diognetus, who accompanied the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage feast at Susa in 324, when a large number of the the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of Alexander's army, gave an exacter knowledge of Macedonian nobles were induced to marry Persian princesses, the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical conformation of the empire, and were accessible and the rank and See also:

• FILE

file were encouraged by special rewards to take for later investigators (Susemihl, Gesch. d. griech . Litt., I. p . 544) . Eastern wives . We are told that among the schemes registered Greek natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science was enriched with a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of new See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate-in the state papers and disclosed after Alexander's death was rial from the observations of the philosophers who went with one for transplanting large bodies of Asiatics into Europe and Alexander through the : See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange lands (H . Bretzl, Botanische Europeans into Asia, for blending the peoples of the empire by Forschungen d . Alexanderzuges, 1903); whilst on the other hand intermarriage into a single whole (Diod. xviii . 4, 4) . How far attempts were made to acclimatize the See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the motherland did Alexander intend that in such a fusion Hellenic culture should in the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• SOIL

soil (Theophr., Hist . Plant. iv .

4, I) . retain its pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence ? How far could it have done so, had The accession of Alexander brought about a change in the mone- the scheme been realized ? It is not impossible that the question tary system of the kingdom . Philip's bimetallic system, which had may be raised again whether the See also:

• EURASIAN

Eurasian after all is the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir attempted artificially to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the value of silver in spite 9 comags . Y yet of the great depreciation of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold consequent upon the of the ages . I working of the Pangaean mines, was abandoned . Alexander's High above all the medley of kindreds and See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues, un- I gold coinage, indeed (possibly not struck till after the invasion of trammelled by See also:

• NATIONAL

national traditions, for he had outgrown the Asia), follows in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight that of Philip's staters; but he seems at once to have adopted for his silver coins (of a smaller See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of any one nation, invested with the than the tetradrachm) the Euboic-See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, instead of the 1 . Divine Honours. See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of achievements in which the old See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of Phoenician, which had been Philip's . With the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Asia, the possible seemed to fall away, stood in 324 the Alexander conceived the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of issuing a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform coinage for the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man Alexander . Was he a man ? The question was explicitly empire .

Gold had fallen still further from the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of the Per- suggested by the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in the See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

Oasis sian treasure, and Alexander struck in both metals on the Attic standard, leaving their relation to adjust itself by the state of the had hailed him in the See also:

• GOD

god's name as the son of See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . This imperial coinage was designed to break down the Egyptians had, of course, ascribed deity by old custom to their monetary predominance of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens (Beloch, Gr . Gesch. iii . [i.], 42). kings, and were ready enough to add Alexander to the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . The None of the coins with Alexander's own See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image can be shown to have Persians, on the other hand, had a different conception of the been issued during his reign; the traditional gods of the Greeks still godhead, and we have no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that from them Alexander either See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena and See also:

• NIKE

Nike living figured upon Alexander's gold; Heraclehand required or received divine honours . From the Greeks he cer- See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus upon his silver . tainly received such honours; the ambassadors from the Greek See L . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Numismatique d'See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre le See also:

• GRAND

Grand (1858); also states came in 323 with the character of theori, as if approaching See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUMISMATICS: § I . Greek Coins, Macedonian." a deity (Arr. vii . 23, 2) . It has been supposed that in offering II .

After Alexander.—The See also:

• EXTERNAL

external fortunes of the Macedonian such See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship the Greeks showed the effect of "Oriental " Empire after Alexander's death must be briefly traced before its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, but indeed we have not to look outside the Greek circle inner developments be touched upon) . There was, at t . See also:

• HISTORY

History of ideas to explain it . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus (Supp . 991) the first, when Alexander suddenly died in 323, no overt of the proffering of divine honours was a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of expression for intense disruption of the empire . The dispute between "Success feelings of reverence or gratitude towards men which naturally the Macedonian infantry and the cavalry (i.e. the sore." suggested itself—as a figure of speech in Aeschylus, but the figure commonalty and the nobles) was as to the person who should had been translated into See also:

• ACTION

action before Alexander not in the well be chosen to be the king, although it is true that either See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, known case of See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander only (cf. the case of See also:

• DION

Dion, Plut . Dio, 29). the See also:

• HALF

half-witted son of Philip IL, Philip Arrhidaeus, or the pos Among the educated Greeks rationalistic views of the old thumous son of Alexander by See also:

• ROXANA, or ROXANE

Roxana, opened the prospect of a See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology had become so current that they could assimilate long regency exercised by one or more of the Macedonian lords . Alexander to See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus without supposing him to be super The See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, by which both the candidates should be kings natural, and to this See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the divine honours were a mere form, together, was, of course, succeeded by a struggle for power an elaborate sort of flattery . Did Alexander merely receive such among those who wished to rule in their name . The resettle-honours ? Or did he claim them himself ? It would seem that ment of dignities made in Babylon in 323, while it left the eastern he did .

Many of the assertions as to his action in this See also:

• LINE

line do commands practically undisturbed as well as that of See also:

• ANTIPATER (398?-319 B.C.)

Antipater not stand the light of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism (see Hogarth, Eng . Hist . Rev. ii., in Europe, placed See also:

• PERDICCAS

Perdiccas (whether as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent or as chiliarch) in 1887, p . 317 seq.; Niese, Historische Zeitschrift, lxxix., 1897, p . 1, See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the kings' persons, and this was a position which seq.); even the explicit statement in See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian as to Alexander the other Macedonian lords could not suffer . Hence the first and the Arabians is given as a mere report; but we have well See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine war among the Macedonians, in which Antipater, authenticated utterances of Attic orators when the question of Antigonus the satrap of Phrygia, and Ptolemy, the satrap of the cult of Alexander came up for debate, which seem to prove Egypt, were allied against Perdiccas, who was ultimately murthat an intimation of the king's See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure had been conveyed to dered in 321 on the Egyptian frontier (see PERDICCAS [41, Athens . EUMENES) . A second See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, made at Triparadisus in A new See also:

• LIFE

life entered the lands conquered by Alexander . Human Syria in 321, constituted Antipater regent and increased the intercourse was increased and quickened to a degree not before power of Antigonus in Asia . When Antipater died, in 319, a 8, inter. known . Commercial enterprise now found open second war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, the wrecks of the party of Perdiccas, led course and roads between the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean and India; the new by Eumenes, combining with See also:

• POLYPERCHON (incorrectly Polysperchon)

Polyperchon, the new regent, and See also:

• DISCOVERY

Discovery . Greek cities made stations in what had been for later on (318) with the eastern satraps who were in arms against the earlier Greek traders unknown lands; an immense quantity Pithon, the satrap of Media .

See also:

• CASSANDER (c. 350—297 B.C.)
• CASSANDER (or CASSANT), GEORGE (1513-1566)

Cassander, the son of Antipater, of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal had been put into circulation which disappointed of the regency, had joined the party of Antigonus. the Persian kings had kept locked up in their treasuries In 316 Antigonus had defeated and killed Eumenes and made (cf . Athen. vi . 231 e) . At the same time Alexander himself made himself supreme. from the Aegean to Iran, and Cassander had it a principal concern to win fresh geographical knowledge, to . For details see separate articles on the chief generals . ousted Polyperchon from Macedonia . But now a third war began, the old associates of Antigonus, alarmed by his over-grown power, combining against him—Cassander, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, the governor of Thrace, and Seleucus, who had fled before Antigonus from his satrapy of Babylonia . From 315 to 301 the war of Antigonus against these four went on, with one See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short truce in 311 . Antigonus never succeeded in reaching Macedonia, although his son See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius won Athens and See also:

• MEGARA

Megara in 307 and again (304–302) wrested almost all Greece from Cassander; nor did Antigonus succeed in expelling Ptolemy from Egypt, although he led an army to its frontier in 306; and after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza in 312, in which Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Demetrius, he had to see Seleucus not only recover Babylonia but bring all the eastern provinces under his authority as far as India . Meanwhile the struggle changed its character in an important respect . King Philip had been murdered by See also:

• OLYMPIAS

Olympias in 317; the young Alexander by Cassander in 310; Heracles, the illegitimate son of Alexander the Great, by Polyperchon in 309 . Thus the old royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in the male line, and in 306 Antigonus assumed the title of king .

His four adversaries answered this See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge by immediately doing the same . Even in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance the empire was no longer a unity . In 301 the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition triumphed over Antigonus in the battle of Ipsus (in Phrygia) and he himself was slain . Of the four kings who now divided the Macedonian Empire amongst them, two were not destined to found durable dynasties, while the house of Antigonus, represented by Demetrius, was after all to do so . The house of Antipater came to an end in the male line in 294, when Demetrius killed the son of Cassander and established himself on the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Macedonia . He was however expelled by Lysimachus and See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus in 288; and in 285 Lysimachus took possession of all the European part of the Macedonian Empire . Except indeed for Egypt and