See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with See also:

• LAT

Lat.'ntateola, a See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

mallet)  , originally a weapon of offence, made of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel or See also:

• LATTEN (from O. Fr. laton, mod. Fr. laiton, possibly connected with Span. lata, Ital. latta, a lath)

latten, capable of breaking through the strongest See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour.1 ' The earliest ceremonial maces, as they afterwards became, though at first intended to protect the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, were those See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the serjeants-at-arms, a royal See also:

• BODY

body-guard established in 'See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., and in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England probably by See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I . By the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a tendency towards a more decorative See also:

• SERJEANT

serjeant's See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace; encased with See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals, is noticeable . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the civic mace (carried by the serjeants-at-mace) begins about 1 The mace was carried in See also:

• BATTLE

battle by See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval bishops (See also:

• ODO

Odo of See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux is represented on the Bayeux See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry as wielding one) instead of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, so as to conform to the canonical See also:

• RULE

rule which forbade priests to See also:

• SHED

shed See also:

• BLOOD

blood.—[En.] the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 13th century, though no examples of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period are in existence to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Ornamented civic maces were considered an infringement of one of the privileges of the king's serjeants, who, according to the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons' See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition in 1344, were alone deemed worthy of having maces enriched with costly metals . This See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was, however, granted to the serjeants of See also:

• LONDON

London, and later to those of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York (in 1396), See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich (in 1403/4) From Jewitt and See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope's See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation See also:

• PLATE

Plate and Insignia (1895), by permission of Bemrose & Co . and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester (in r5o6) . Maces covered with See also:

• SILVER

silver are known to have been used at See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter in 1387/8; two were bought at Norwich in 1435, and others for See also:

• LAUNCESTON

Launceston in 1467/8 . Several other cities and towns had silver maces in the next century, and in the 16th they were almost universally used . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the 15th century the flanged end of the mace, i.e. the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war mace, was borne uppermost, and the small See also:

• BUTTON (Fr. bouton, O. Fr. boton, apparently from the same root as bouter, to push)

button with the royal arms in the See also:

• BASE

base . By the beginning of the Tudor period, however, these blade-like flanges, originally made for offence, degenerated into See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere ornaments, while the greater importance of the end with the royal arms (afterwards enriched with a cresting) resulted in the reversal of the position . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of carrying the flanged end upward did not See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die out at once: a few maces were made to carry both ways, such as the beautiful pair of Winchcombe silver maces, dating from the end of the 15th century . The See also:

• GUILDFORD

Guildford mace is one of the finest of the fifteen specimens of the 15th century .

The flanged ends of the maces of this period were often beautifully pierced and decorated . These flanges gradually became smaller, and later (in the 16th and early 17th centuries) See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into See also:

• PRETTY

pretty projecting See also:

• SCROLL

scroll-brackets and other ornaments, which remained in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue till about 1640 . The next development in the embellishment of the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft was the reappearance of these small scroll-brackets on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, immediately under the head of the mace . They disappear altogether from the See also:

• FOOT

foot in the last See also:

• HALF

half of the 17th century, and are found only under the heads, or, in rarer instances, on a knob on the shaft . The silver mace-heads were mostly See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, with a cresting of leaves or See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers in the 15th and 16th centuries . In the reign of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. they began to be engraved and decorated with heraldic devices, &c . As the custom of having serjeants' maces ceased (about 1650), the large maces, borne before the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor or bailiffs, came into See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Maundy was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief maker of maces during the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth . He made the mace for the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Commons in 1649, which is the one at See also:

• PRESENT

present in use there, though without the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original head with the non-See also:

• REGAL

regal symbols, the latter having been replaced by one with regal symbols at the Restoration . There are two maces in the House of Lords, the earliest dating from the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III . The See also:

• DATES

dates of the eight large and massive silver-gilt maces of the serjeants-at-arms, kept in the See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

jewel-house at the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of London, are as follows: two of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., two of James II., three of William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, and one of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne (the cypher of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I. was subsequently added to the latter) . All the foregoing are of the type which was almost universally adopted, with slight See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, at the Restoration .

The civic maces of the 18th century follow this type, with some modifications in shape and ornamentation . The historic See also:

• ENGLISH

English silver maces of the 18th century include the one of 1753 at See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, and that of 1756 of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Carolina, both in the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America; two, made in 1753 and 1787, at See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica; that of 1791 belonging to the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• GRENADA

Grenada, and the See also:

• SPEAKER

Speaker's mace at See also:

• BARBADOS, or BARBADOES

Barbados, dating from 1812; and the silver mace of the old Irish House of Commons, 1765-1766, now in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• MASSEREENE, JOHN CLOTWORTHY, 1ST VISCOUNT (d. 1665)

Massereene and Ferrard . Among other maces, more correctly described as staves, in use at the present See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, are those carried before ecclesiastical dignitaries and See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy in cathedrals and See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish churches and the maces of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . At See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford there are three of the second half of the 16th century and six of 1723-1724, while at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge there are three of 1626 and one of 1628, but altered at the See also:

• COMMON

Common-See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and again at the Restoration . The silver mace with crystal globe of the lord high treasurer of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, at Holyrood See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, was made about 16go by See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Garthorne . The remarkable mace or See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre of the lord mayor of London is of crystal and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and set with pearls; the head dates from the 15th century, while the mounts of the shaft are early medieval . A mace of an unusual See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is that of the Tower See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward of London, which has a head resembling the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Tower in the Tower of London, and which was made in the reign of Charles II . The beautiful mace of the See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, made by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Goble of Cork in 1696 for the associated gilds, of which he had been See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, is in the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Museum, where there is also a large silver mace of the middle of the 18th century, with the arms of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XIV., which is said to have been used at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon as king of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan in 1805 . From Jewitt and Hope's Corporation Plate and Insignia (1895), by permission of Bemrose & Co .