MACKEREL  , pelagic fishes, belonging to a small

family, Scombridae, of which the tunny, bonito, albacore, and a few other tropical genera are members . Although the species are fewer in number than in most other families of fishes, they are widely spread and extremely abundant, peopling by countless schools the oceans of the tropical and temperate zones, and approaching the coasts only accidentally, occasionally, or periodically . The mackerel proper (genus Scomber) are readily recognized by their elegantly shaped, well-proportioned body, shining in iridescent colours . Small, thin, deciduous scales equally cover nearly the entire body . There are two dorsal fins, the anterior near the head, composed of 11–14 feeble spines, the second near the tail with all the rays soft except the first, and behind the second dorsal five or six finlets . The ventral is immediately below the second dorsal, and is also followed by finlets . The caudal fin is crescent-shaped, strengthened at the base by two short ridges on each side . The mouth is wide, armed above and below with a row of very small fixed teeth . No other fish shows finer proportions in the shape of its body . Every " line " of its build is designed and eminently adapted for rapid progression through the water; the muscles massed along the vertebral column are enormously developed, especially on the back and the sides of the tail, and impart to the body a certain rigidity which interferes with abruptly sideward motions of the fish . Therefore mackerel generally swim in a straightforward direction, deviating sidewards only when compelled, and rarely turning about in the same spot . They are in almost continuous motion, their power of endurance being equal to the rapidity of their motions .

Mackerel, like all fishes of this family, have a

firm flesh; that is, the muscles of the several segments are interlaced, and receive a greater supply of blood-vessels and nerves than in other fishes . Therefore the flesh, especially of the larger kinds, is of a red colour; and the energy of their muscular action causes the temperature of their blood to be several degrees higher than in other fishes . All fishes of the mackerel family are strictly carnivorous; they unceasingly pursue their prey, which consists principally of other fish and pelagic crustaceans . The fry of clupeoids, which like-wise swim in schools, are followed by the mackerel until they reach some shallow place, which their enemies dare not enter . Mackerel are found in almost all tropical and temperate seas, with the exception of the Atlantic shores of temperate South America . European mackerel are of two kinds, of which one, the common mackerel, Scomber scomber, lacks, while the other possesses, an air-bladder . The best-known species of the latter kind is S. colias, the " Spanish" mackerel;' a third, S. pneumatophorus, is believed by some ichthyologists to be identical with S. colias . Be this as it may, we have strong evidence that the Mediterranean is inhabited by other species different from S. scomber and S. colias, and well characterized by their dentition and coloration . Also the species from St Helena is distinct . Of extra-Atlantic species the mackerel of the Japanese seas are the most nearly allied to the European, those of New Zealand and Australia, and still more those of the Indian Ocean, differing in many conspicuous points . Two of these species occur in the British seas: S. scomber, which is the most common there as well as in other parts of the North Atlantic, crossing the ocean to America, where it abounds; and the Spanish mackerel, S. colias, which is distinguished by a somewhat different pattern of coloration, the transverse black bands of the common mackerel being in this species narrower, more irregular or partly broken up into spots, while the scales of the pectoral region are larger, and the snout is longer and more pointed . The Spanish mackerel is, as the name implies, a native of the seas of southern Europe, but single individuals or small schools frequently reach the shores of Great Britain and of the United States .

The

home of the common mackerel (to which the following remarks refer) is the North Atlantic, from the Canary Islands to the Orkneys, and from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea and the coasts of Norway to the United States . Towards the spring large schools approach the coasts . Two causes have been assigned of this migration: first, the instinct of finding a suitable locality for propagating their species; and, secondly, the search and pursuit of food, which in the warmer season is more abundant in the neighbourhood of land than in the open sea . It is probable that the latter is the chief cause . In the month of February, or in some years as early as the end of January, the first large schools appear at the entrance of the English Channel, and are met by the more adventurous of the drift-net fishers many miles west of the Scilly Islands . These early schools, which consist chiefly of one-year and two-year-old fishes, yield sometimes enormous catches, whilst in other years they escape the drift-nets altogether, passing them, for some hitherto unexplained reason', at a greater depth than that to which the nets reach, 1 The term " Spanish mackerel " is applied in America to Cybium maculatum .