FREIHERR KARL MACK VON LEIBERICH (1752-1828)  ,

Austrian soldier, was born at Nenslingen, in Bavaria, on the 25th of August 1752 . In 1770 he joined an Austrian cavalry regiment, in which his uncle, Leiberich, was a squadron commander, becoming an officer seven years later . During the brief war of the Bavarian Succession he was selected for service on the staff of Count Kinsky, under whom, and subsequently under the commander-in-chief Field Marshal Count Lacy, he did excellent work . He was promoted first lieutenant in 1778, and captain on the quartermaster-general's staff in 1783 . Count Lacy, then the foremost soldier of the Austrian army, had the highest opinion of his young assistant . In 1785 Mack married Katherine Gabrieul, and was ennobled under the name of Mack von Leiberich . In the Turkish war he was employed on the headquarter staff, becoming in 1788 major and personal aide-de-camp to the emperor, and in 1789 lieutenant-colonel . He distinguished himself greatly in the storming of Belgrade . Shortly after this, disagreements between Mack and Loudon, now commander-in-chief, led to the former's demanding a court-martial and leaving the front . He was, however, given a colonelcy (1789) and the order of Maria Theresa, and in 1790 Loudon and Mack, having become reconciled, were again on the field together . During these campaigns Mack received a severe injury to his head, from which he never fully recovered . In 1793 he was made quartermaster-general (chief of staff) to Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg, commanding in the Netherlands; and he enhanced his reputation by the ensuing campaign .

The young

Archduke Charles, who won his own first laurels in the action of the 1st of March 1793, wrote after the battle, " Above all we have to thank Colonel Mack for these successes." Mack distinguished himself again on the field of Neerwinden; and had a leading part in the negotiations between Coburg and Dumouriez . He continued to serve as quartermaster-general, and was now made titular chief (Inhaber) of a cuirassier regiment . He received a wound at Famars, but in 1794 was once more engaged, having at last been made a major-general . But thefailure of the allies, due though it was to political and military factors and ideas, over which Mack had no control, was ascribed to him, as their successes of March-April 1793 had been, and he fell into disfavour in consequence . In 1797 he was promoted lieutenant field marshal, and in the following year he accepted, at the personal request of the emperor, the command of the Neapolitan army . But with the unpromising material of his new command he could do nothing against the French revolutionary troops, and before long, being in actual danger of being murdered by his men, he took refuge in the French camp . He was promised a free pass to his own country, but Napoleon ordered that he should be sent to France as a prisoner of war . Two years later he escaped from Paris in disguise . The allegation that he broke his parole is false . He was not employed for some years, but in 1804, when the war party in the Austrian court needed a general to oppose the peace policy of the Arch-duke Charles, Mack was made quartermaster-general of the army, with instructions to prepare for a war with France . He did all that was possible within the available time to reform the army, and on the opening of the war of 18o5 he was made quartermaster-general to the titular commander-in-chief in Germany, the Archduke Ferdinand . He was the real responsible commander of the army which opposed Napoleon in Bavaria, but his position was ill-defined and his authority treated with slight respect by the other general officers .

For the events of the

Ulm campaign and an estimate of Mack's responsibility for the disaster, see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS . After Austerlitz, Mack was tried by a court-martial, sitting from February 18o6 to June 1807, and sentenced to be deprived of his rank, his regiment, and the order of Maria Theresa, and to be imprisoned for two years . He was released in 18o8, and in 1819, when the ultimate victory of the allies had obliterated the memory of earlier disasters, he was, at the request of Prince Schwarzenberg, re-instated in the army as lieutenant field marshal and a member of the order of Maria Theresa . He died on the 22nd of October 1828 at S . PSlten . See Schweigerd, Oesterreichs Helden (Vienna, 1854) ; Wiirzbach, Biogr . Lexikon d . Kaiserthums Oesterr . (Vienna, 1867) ; Ritter von Rittersberg, Biogr. d. ausgezeichneten Feldherren d. oest . Armee (Prague, 1828) ; Raumer's Hist . Taschenbuch (1873) contains Mack's vindication . A short critical memoir will be found in Streffleur for January 1907 .