See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

COLIN See also:

• COLIN MACLAURIN (1698–1746)

MACLAURIN (1698–1746)  , Scottish mathematician, was the son of a clergyman, and See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kilmodan, See also:

• ARGYLLSHIRE

Argyllshire . In 1709 he entered the university of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, where he exhibited a decided See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius for See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, more especially for See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry; it is said that before the end of his sixteenth See also:

• YEAR

year he had discovered many of the theorems afterwards published in his Geometria organica . In 1717 he was elected See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of mathematics in Marischal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, as the result of a competitive examination . Two years later he was admitted F.R.S. and made the acquaintance of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton . In 1719 he published his Geometria organica, sive descriptio linearum curvarum universalis . In it See also:

• MACLAURIN, COLIN (1698–1746)

Maclaurin See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed several theorems due to Newton, and introduced the method of generating conics which bears his name, and showed that many curves of the third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth degrees can be described by the inter-See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of two movable angles . In 1721 he wrote a supplement to the Geometria organica, which he afterwards published, with extensions, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1735 . This See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper is principally based on the following See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general theorem, which is a remarkable See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal's hexagram: " If a See also:

• POLYGON (Gr. rroXus, many, and ywvia, an angle)

polygon move so that each of its sides passes through a fixed point, and if all its summits except one describe curves of the degrees m, n, p, &c., respectively, then the See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• SUMMIT

summit moves on a See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the degree 2mnp . . . . which reduces to mnp ... . when the fixed points all See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on a right See also:

• LINE

line." In 1722 Maclaurin travelled as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor and See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion to the eldest son of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Polwarth, and after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris resided for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, where he wrote an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the percussion of bodies, which obtained the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences for the year 1724 . The following year he was elected professor of mathematics in the university of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh on the urgent recommendation of Newton .

After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Newton, in 1728, his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Conduitt, applied to Maclaurin for his assistance in See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing an. See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Newton's See also:

• LIFE

life and discoveries . This Maclaurin gladly undertook, but the death of Conduitt put a stop to the project . In 1940 Maclaurin divided with Leonhard See also:

• EULER, LEONHARD (1707-1783)

Euler and See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• BERNOULLI

Bernoulli the prize offered by the French Academy of Sciences for an essay on tides . His See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on Fluxions was published at Edinburgh in 1742, in two volumes . In the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface he states that the See also:

• WORK

work was undertaken in consequence of the attack on the method of fluxions made by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley in 1734 . Maclaurin's See also:

• OBJECT

object was to found the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of fluxions on geometrical demonstration, and thus to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer all objectionsto its method as being founded on false reasoning and full of See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery . The most valuable See also:

• PART

part of the work is that devoted to See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical applications, in which he embodied his essay on the tides . In this he showed that a homogeneous fluid See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass revolving uniformly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round an See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis under the See also:

• ACTION

action of gravity ought to assume the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an See also:

• ELLIPSOID

ellipsoid of revolution . The importance of this investigation in connexion with the theory of the tides, the figure of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and other kindred questions, has always caused it to be regarded as one of the See also:

• GREAT

great problems of mathematical physics . Maclaurin was the first to introduce into See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics, in this discussion, the important conception of surfaces of level; namely, surfaces at each of whose points the See also:

• TOTAL

total force acts in the normal direction . He also gave in his Fluxions, for the first time, the correct theory for distinguishing between See also:

• MAXIMA

maxima and minima in general, and pointed out the importance of the distinction in the theory of the multiple points of curves . In 1745, when the rebels were marching on Edinburgh, Maclaurin took a most prominent part in preparing trenches and barricades for its See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence .

The anxiety, fatigue and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold to which he was thus exposed, affecting a constitution naturally weak, laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the disease to which he afterwards succumbed . As soon as the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army got See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Edinburgh Maclaurin fled to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, to avoid making submission to the Pretender . He accepted the invitation of T . See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

Herring, then See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, with whom he remained until it was safe to return to Edinburgh . He died of See also:

• DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy on the x4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1746, at Edinburgh . Maclaurin was married in 1733 to See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, daughter of See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor-general for See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . His eldest son John, born in 1734, was distinguished as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, and appointed one of the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of the Scottish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of session, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Lord Dreghorn . He inherited an See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to scientific See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, and was one of the founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in 1782 . After Maclaurin's death his account of Newton's philosophical discoveries was published by See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick Murdoch, and also his See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra in 1748 . As an appendix to the latter appeared his De linearum geometricarum"proprietatibus generalibus tractatus, a treatise of remarkable elegance . Of the more immediate successors of Newton in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain Maclaurin is probably the only one who can be placed in competition with the great mathematicians of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at the time . (B .

W.) M'LENNAN, JOHN See also:

• FERGUSON, ADAM (1723-1816)
• FERGUSON, JAMES (1710-1776)
• FERGUSON, ROBERT (c. 1637-1714)
• FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL (1810-1886)

FERGUSON (1827-1881), Scottish ethnologist, was born at See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness on the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1827 . He studied at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's college, Aberdeen, where he graduated with distinction in 1849, thence proceeding to See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, where he remained till 1855 without taking a degree . He was called to the Scottish See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar in 1857, and in 1871 was appointed See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary draughtsman for Scotland . In 1865 he published See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage, in which, arguing from the prevalence of the symbolical form of See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture in the marriage ceremonies of primitive races, he developed an intelligible picture of the growth of the marriage relation and of systems of kinship (see See also:

• FAMILY

FAMILY) according to natural See also:

• LAWS

laws . In 1866 he wrote in the Fortnightly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• APRIL

April and May) an essay on " Kinship in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece," in which he proposed to test by See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek facts the theory of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of kinship set forth in Primitive Marriage; and three years later appeared a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of essays on " See also:

• TOTEMISM

Totemism " in the same periodical for 1869–187o (the germ of which had been contained in the paper just named), which See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the second great step in his systematic study of early society . A reprint of Primitive Marriage, with " Kinship in Ancient Greece " and some other essays not previously published, appeared in 1876, under the title of Studies in Ancient History . The new essays in this See also:

• VOLUME

volume were mostly See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical, but one of them, in which perhaps his guessing See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent is seen at its best, " The Divisions of the Irish Family," is an elaborate discussion of a problem which has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long puzzled both See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic scholars and jurists; and in another, " On the Classificatory See also:

• SYSTEM

System of Relationship," he propounded a new explanation of a series of facts which, he thought, might throw See also:

• LIGHT

light upon the early history of society, at the same time putting to the test of those facts the theories he had set forth in Primitive Marriage . Papers on " The See also:

• LEVIRATE (Lat. levir, a husband's brother)

Levirate and See also:

• POLYANDRY (Gr. iroXus, many, and 6.vi7P, man)

Polyandry," following up the line of his previous investigations (Fortnightly Review, 1877), were the last work he was able to publish . He died of See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption on the 14th of June 1881 at See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes See also:

• COMMON

Common, See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . Besides the See also:

• WORKS

works already cited, M'Lennan wrote a Life of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond (1867) . The vast materials which he had accumulated on kinship were edited by his widow and A . See also:

• PLATT, THOMAS COLLIER (1833-191o)

Platt, under the title Studies in Ancient History: Second Series (1896) .