See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

BART See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

HAY See also:

• BART SIR WILLIAM HAY MACNAGHTEN

MACNAGHTEN  . (1793-1841), Anglo-See also:

• INDIAN

Indian diplomatist, was the second son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• MACNAGHTEN, SIR WILLIAM HAY, BART

Macnaghten, See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the supreme courts of See also:

• MADRAS

Madras and See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1793, and educated at See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . He went out to Madras as a See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet in 1809, but was appointed in 1816 to the See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Service . He See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early displayed a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, and also published several See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on See also:

• HINDU

Hindu and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political career began in 1830 as secretary to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM (1774-1839)
• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE FREDERICK CAVENDISH

Bentinck; and in 1837 he became one of the most trusted advisers of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, Lord See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland, with whose policy of supporting Shah Shuja against Dost Mahommed, the reigning See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir of See also:

• KABUL

Kabul, Macnaghten was closely identified . As political See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent at Kabul he came into conflict with the military authorities and subsequently with his subordinate Sir See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER (1805–1841)

Burnes . Macnaghten attempted to placate the Afghan chiefs with heavy subsidies, but when the drain on the Indian See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer became too great, and the allowances were reduced, this policy led to an outbreak . Burnes was murdered on the 2nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1841; and owing to the incapacity of the aged General See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in Kabul degenerated into a leaderless See also:

• MOB

mob . Macnaghten tried to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the situation by negotiating with the Afghan chiefs and, independently of them, with Dost Mahommed's son, See also:

• AKBAR, AKHBAR

Akbar See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, by whom he was assassinated on the 23rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1841; the disastrous See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from Kabul and the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the British army in the Kurd Kabul pass followed . These events threw doubt on Macnaghten's capacity for dealing with the problems of Indian See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, though his fearlessness and integrity were unquestioned . He had been created a See also:

• BARONET

baronet in 1840, and four months before his See also:

• DEATH

death was nominated to the governorship of Bombay .

MAcNALLY, LEONARD (1752–1820), Irish informer, was born in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, the son of a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant . In 1776 he was called to the Irish, and in 1783 to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . He supported himself for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• LONDON

London by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing plays and editing the Public See also:

• LEDGER (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger)

Ledger . Returning to Dublin, he entered upon a systematic course of informing against the members of the revolutionary party, for whom his house had become the resort . He also betrayed to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government prosecutors political clients whom he defended eloquently in the courts . He made a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence for See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• EMMET, ROBERT (1778-1803)
• EMMET, THOMAS ADDIS (1764-1827)

Emmet and cheered him in his last See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, although before appearing in See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court he had sold, for 200, the contents of his brief to the lawyers for the See also:

• CROWN

Crown . After living a professed See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant all his See also:

• LIFE

life, he received See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution on his deathbed from a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest . He died on the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1820 .