See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

HUGH See also:

• HUGH MACULLOCH (1808-1895)

MACULLOCH (1808-1895)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American financier,. was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kennebunk, See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, on the 7th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 18o8 . He was educated at See also:

• BOWDOIN, JAMES (1726—1790)

Bowdoin See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, and in 1833 began practice at Fort See also:

• WAYNE, ANTHONY (1745-1796)

Wayne, See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana . He was See also:

• CASHIER

cashier and manager of the Fort Wayne See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the old See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• BANK

bank of Indiana from 1835 to 1857, and See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the new state bank from 1857 to 1863 . Notwithstanding his opposition to the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Banking See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1862, he was selected by Secretary See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase as See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller of the currency in 1863 to put the new See also:

• SYSTEM

system into operation . His See also:

• WORK

work was so successful that he wasappointed secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury by President See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln in 1865, and was continued in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by President See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in 1869 . In his first See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, issued on the 4th of December 1865, he strongly urged the retirement of the legal tenders or See also:

• GREENBACKS

greenbacks as a preliminary to the resumption of specie payments . In accordance with this See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion an act was passed, on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1866, authorizing the retirement of not more than $1o,000,000 in six months and not more than $4,000,000 per See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month thereafter, but it met with strong opposition and was repealed on the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1868, after only $48,000,000 had been retired . He was much disappointed by the decision of the See also:

• UNITED

United States Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court upholding the constitutionality of the legal tenders (12 See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace 457) . Soon after the close of his See also:

• TERM

term of office McCulloch went to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and spent six years (187o-1876) as a member of the banking See also:

• FIRM

firm of See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke, McCulloch & Co . From See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1884 until the close of President See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's term of office in March 1885 he was again secretary of the treasury . He died at his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home near See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, D.C., on the 24th of May 1895 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for the See also:

• LIFE

life of McCulloch is his own See also:

• BOOK

book, Men and See also:

• MEASURES

Measures of See also:

• HALF

Half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1888) .

M'CULLOCH, See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES (1819-1893), Australian statesman, was born in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow . He entered the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Dennistoun See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers, became a partner, and went to See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne to open a branch . In 1854, shortly after his arrival in See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, he was appointed a nominee member of the Legislative See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council, and in the first Legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly under the new constitution was returned for the electorate of the Wimmera . In 1857 he was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and customs in the second See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of Haines, which lasted till 1858, and subsequently he became treasurer in the See also:

• NICHOLSON, HENRY ALLEYNE (1844-1899)
• NICHOLSON, JOHN (1822-18J7)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1753-1815)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1784-1844)

Nicholson administration, which held office from October 1859 to See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 186o . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1862 the third O'Shanassy ministry was defeated by a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination between a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of its supporters led by M'Culloch and the opposition proper under Heales, and M'Culloch became premier and chief secretary . Hitherto he had been regarded as a supporter of the landed, squatting and importing interests, but the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition ministry introduced a number of measures which at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were regarded by the propertied classes in the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony as revolutionary . In addition to passing a See also:

• LAND

Land See also:

• BILL

Bill, which extended the principle of See also:

• FREE

free selection and deferred payments, the ministry announced their intention of reducing the duties on the export of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and the import duties upon See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, and of supplying the deficiency by the See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of duties ranging from 5 to 1o% upon a number of articles which entered into competition with the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, thus introducing See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . The See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile community took alarm at the proposal, and at the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1864 the ministerial policy was warmly opposed . But a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority was returned in its favour, and a new See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff was carried through the popular branch of the legislature . There was no See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of its being assented to by the Council, which, under the constitution, had the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of rejecting, although it could not amend, any See also:

• MONEY

money Bill . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government therefore decided upon tacking the tariff to the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

Appropriation Bill, and compelling the Council either to agree to the new fiscal proposals or to refuse to pay the public creditors and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil servants . The Council accepted the See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge, and rejected the Appropriation Bill .

But M'Culloch and his colleagues would not give way . They continued to collect the new duties under the authority of the Assembly, and took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a clause in the See also:

• AUDIT

Audit Act which directed the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor to sign the necessary warrants for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of any sum awarded by verdicts in the supreme court in favour of persons who had sued the government . M'Culloch borrowed £40,000 from the See also:

• LONDON

London Chartered Bank, of which he was a director, to meet pressing payments, and the bank at his instigation sued the government for the amount of the advance . The See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general at once accepted See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, and the governor, who had placed himself unreservedly in the hands of his ministers, signed the necessary See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant, and the Treasury repaid to the bank the amount of its advance, plus See also:

• INTEREST

interest and See also:

• COSTS

costs . In the next session the tariff was again sent up to the Council, which promptly rejected it, whereupon the ministry dissolved the assembly and appealed to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The result of the general election was to increase M`Culloch's majority, and the tariff was again sent to the Council, only to be again rejected . M'Culloch resigned, but no member of the opposition was willing to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a ministry, and he resumed office . Eventually a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference between the two houses was held, and the Council passed the tariff, after a few modifications in it had been agreed to by the Assembly . Just at the moment that See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was restored, the governor, Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARLING
• DARLING, GRACE HORSLEY (1815-1842)

Darling, was recalled by the home government, on the ground that he had displayed partisanship by assisting M'Culloch's government and their majority in the Assembly to coerce the Council . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to show their gratitude to the dismissed governor, the Assembly decided to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a sum of £20,000 to See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Darling . The home government intimated that Sir Charles Darling must retire from the Colonial service if this See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift were accepted by his wife, but M'Culloch included the money in the annual Appropriation Bill, with the result that it was rejected by the Council . The new governor, See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, was less complaisant than his predecessor, but after an unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to obtain other advisers, he agreed to recommend the Council to pass the Appropriation Bill with the £20,000 grant included .

The Upper House declined to adopt this course, and again rejected the Bill . A See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter struggle between the two See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers ended in another general election in 1868, which still further increased the ministerial majority; but See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Canterbury, in obedience to instructions from the colonial office, declined to do anything to facilitate the passage of the Darling grant . M'Culloch resigned, and after protracted negotiations Sir Charles Sladen formed from the minority in the Assembly a ministry which only lasted two months . The deadlock seemed likely to become more stringent than ever, when a communication was received from Sir Charles Darling, that neither he nor his wife could receive anything like a donation from the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Victoria . The attempt to pass the grant was therefore abandoned, and in See also:

• JULY

July 1868 M'Culloch resumed office with different colleagues, but resigned in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, when he was knighted . He formed a third ministry in 1870 . During this third administration he passed a measure through both Houses which secured a life See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of £1000 per annum to Lady Darling . Additional See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation being necessary, Sir James M'Culloch was urged by his protectionist supporters to increase the import duties, but he refused, and proposed to provide for the deficit by levying a tax upon See also:

• TOWN

town, suburban and country See also:

• PROPERTY

property . This proposal was defeated in the Assembly; Sir James resigned in June 1871, and was appointed See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent-general for Victoria in London . He held that See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment till 1873, was created K.C.M.G. in 1874, returned to the colony the same year, and in 1875 formed his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and last ministry, which kept power till May 1877, when his party was defeated at the general election . During his eighteen months of office he had to encounter a persistent opposition from See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry and his followers, who systematically obstructed the business of the Assembly, on the ground that the acfing-governor, Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• STAWELL
• STAWELL, SIR WILLIAM FOSTER (1815–188g)

Stawell, had improperly refused a See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution . Sir .

James M'Culloch, to counteract this obstruction, invented the See also:

• CLOSURE (Fr. clooture)

closure, which was afterwards introduced with some modifications into the house of See also:

• COMMONS

commons . After' his defeat in 1877 Sir James retired from public life and returned to England, where he died on the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1893 at See also:

• EWELL, RICHARD STODDERT (1817-1872)

Ewell, See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey . He was twice married—first, in 1841, to Susan, daughter of the Rev . James See also:

• RENWICK, JAMES (1662–1688)

Renwick, of Muirton, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland; secondly, in 1867, to See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, daughter of William See also:

• INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814-1862)
• INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764-1835)

Inglis, of Walflat, See also:

• DUMBARTONSHIRE

Dumbartonshire . He See also:

• LEFT

left the house of Dennistoun Brothers in 1862, and founded a new firm at Melbourne in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Leishman, Inglis & Co. of London, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of M'Culloch, Sellars & Co . He held several important commercial positions, and was president of the Melbourne Chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce . (G . C .