MAGDEBURG  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, a fortress of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal commercial towns of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . It lies in a broad and fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, mainly on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, 88 m . S.W. from See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and at the junction of See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines to See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel and See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . Pop . (1885), 159,520; (1890), 202,234; (1905), 240,661 . It consists of the See also:

• TOWN

town proper, and of the five suburbs of Friedrichstadt, Wilhelmstadt, See also:

• NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik)

Neustadt, Sudenburg and Buckau; the last four are separated from the town by the ramparts and See also:

• GLACIS

glacis, but are all included within the new See also:

• LINE

line of advanced bastions, while Friedrichstadt lies on the right bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river . In the Elbe, between the old town and the Friedrichstadt, lies an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island whereon stands the citadel; this is See also:

• UNITED

united with both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks by See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges . With the exception of the Breite Weg, a handsome thoroughfare See also:

• RUNNING

running from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the streets of the town proper are narrow and crooked . Along the Elbe, however, extend See also:

• FINE

fine promenades, the Furstenwall and the Fiirsten Vier . To the south of the inner town is the See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Wilhelms Garten, a beautiful See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park laid out on the site of the celebrated See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Berge, which was founded in 968 and suppressed in 'Soo . By far the most important See also:

• BUILDING

building in Magdeburg is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, dedicated to SS See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice and See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, a handsome and massive structure of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, exhibiting an interesting blending of Romanesque and See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . The two fine western towers were completed about 1520 .

The interior contains the tombs of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto the See also:

• GREAT

Great and his wife Edith, an See also:

• ENGLISH

English princess, and the fine See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Ernest (d . 1513), executed in 1495 by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• VISCHER
• VISCHER, FRIEDRICH THEODOR (1807-1887)

Vischer of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg . The Liebfrauenkirche, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Magdeburg, is an interesting Romanesque edifice of the 12th and 13th centuries, which was restored in 189o-1891 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings are the town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (Rathaus), built in 1691 and enlarged in 1866, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices, the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, the central railway station and the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . The Breite Weg and the old See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market contain numerous fine gable-ended private houses in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance . In front of the town-hall stands an equestrian statue of Otto the Great, erected about 1290 . The See also:

• MODERN

modern streets are spacious, and the houses well-built though monotonous . There are two theatres, an agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, an See also:

• ART

art school, several gymnasia, a commercial and other See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, an See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, and two fine hospitals . The first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries is taken by the ironworks (one being a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• KRUPP, ALFRED (1812—1887)

Krupp See also:

• FIRM

firm, the Grusonwerke, employing about 4000 hands), which produce See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour and munitions of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Of almost equal importance are the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refineries and See also:

• CHICORY

chicory factories . Then come establishments for making See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, gloves, See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, artificial manure, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• VARNISH

varnish, chemicals and pottery . There are also distilleries and breweries, and factories for themanufacture of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• SILK

silk goods .

Magdeburg is the central market in Germany for sugar and chicory, but trades extensively also in cereals, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, vegetables, groceries, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, horses, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• YARN

yarn, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• COAL

coal and books . A new See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, made at a cost of £400,000, facilitates the river See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic along the Elbe . Three million tons of merchandise pass Magdeburg, going upstream, and nearly 1 million tons, going downstream, annually . Magdeburg is the headquarters of the IV. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of the German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and the seat of the provincial See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal and administrative offices, and of a Lutheran See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Magdeburg, which was in existence as a small trading See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement at the beginning of the 9th century, owes its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early prosperity chiefly to the emperor Otto the Great, who established a convent here about 937 . In 968 it became the seat of an archbishop, who exercised sway over an extensive territory . Although it was burnt down in 1188, Magdeburg became a flourishing commercial town during the 13th century, and was soon an important member of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League . Its See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench of jurats (Schoppensluhl) became celebrated, and " Magdeburg See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law " (Magdeburger Recht), securing the administrative See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of municipalities, was adopted in many parts of Germany, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and Bohemia . During the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the citizens were almost constantly at variance with the archbishops, and by the end of the 15th century had become nearly See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of them . It should, however, be noted that Magdeburg never became a See also:

• FREE

free city of the Empire . The town embraced the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in 1524, and was thenceforth governed by See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant titular archbishops (see See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

BISHOP) . On the refusal of the citizens to accept the " See also:

• INTERIM

Interim," issued by the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., Magdeburg was besieged by Maurice of Saxony in 1550, and capitulated on favourable terms in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1551• During the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War it was twice besieged, and suffered terribly .

It successfully resisted See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein for seven months in 1629, but was stormed and sacked by See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly in May 1631 . The whole town, with the exception of the cathedral, and about 140 houses, was burned to the ground, and the greater See also:

• PART

part of its 36,000 inhabitants were butchered without regard to See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age or See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, but it recovered from this deadly See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow with wonderful rapidity . By the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia (1648) the archbishopric was converted into a secular duchy, to fall to See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg on the See also:

• DEATH

death of the last See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, which happened in 1680 . In 18o6 Magdeburg was taken by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and annexed to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Westphalia, but it was restored to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1814, on the downfall of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Otto von See also:

• GUERICKE, HEINRICH ERNST FERDINAND (1803-1878)
• GUERICKE, OTTO VON (1602-1686)

Guericke (1602–2686), the inventor of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-See also:

• PUMP

pump, was burgomaster of Magdeburg . See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Lazare See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot died here in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and was buried in the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, but his remains were exhumed in 1889 and conveyed to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther was at school here, and sang in the streets for See also:

• BREAD

bread with other poor choristers . See W . Kawerau, Aus Magdeburgs Vergangenheit (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1886) O. von Guericke, Geschichte der Belagerung, Eroberung and Zerstorung von Magdeburg (Magdeburg, 1887) ; M . Dittmar, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Stadt Magdeburg (Halle, 1885) ; F . W . See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann, Geschichte der Stadt Magdeburg (Magdeburg, 1885–1886) ; F .

Hiilsse, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Einfuhrung der Reformation in der Stadt Magdeburg (Magdeburg, 1883); R . Volkholz, Die Zerstorung Magdeburgs 1631 (Magdeburg, 1892); W . Leinung and R . Stumvoll, Aus Magdeburgs See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage and Geschichte (Magdeburg, 1894) ; and the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Magdeburg (1892) .