MAGNA GRAECIA (i µey0eq `EXXas)  , the name given (first, apparently, in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C.) to the See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek cities along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the " toe " of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (or more strictly those only from See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum to See also:

• LOCRI

Locri, along the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast), while the See also:

• PEOPLE

people were called Italiotes ('IraXu:rrat) . The interior, which the Greeks never subdued, continued to be in the hands of the See also:

• BRUTTII

Bruttii, the native mountaineers, from whom the See also:

• DISTRICT

district was named in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times (Bperria also in Greek writers) . The Greek colonies were established first as trading stations, which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent cities . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper was carried on between See also:

• GREECE

Greece and Temesa (See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, Od. i . 180.1 The trade for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time was chiefly in the hands of the Euboeans; and Cyme (See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae) in See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania was founded in the 8th century B.C., when the Euboean Cyme was still a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . After this the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis went onward to See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and the states of the Corinthian Gulf carried out the colonization of Italy, Rhegium having been founded, it is true, by Chalcis, but after Messana (Zancle), and at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the inhabitants of the latter . See also:

• SYBARIS

Sybaris (721) and See also:

• CROTONA, CROTO

Crotona (703) were Achaean settlements; Locri Epizephyrii (about 710) was settled by Ozolian Locrians, so that, had it not been for the Dorian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Tarentum, the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern coast of Italy would have been entirely occupied by a group of Achaean cities . Tarentum (whether or no founded by pre-Dorian Greeks-its founders See also:

• BORE

bore the unexplained name of Partheniae) became a Laconian colony at some unknown date, whence a See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend grew up connecting the Partheniae with See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, and 707 B.C. was assigned as its traditional date . Tarentum is remarkable as the only See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement made by the Spartans . It was See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial, depending largely on the See also:

• PURPLE

purple and pottery trade . Ionian Greeks fleeing from foreign invasion founded Siris about 65o B.C., and, much later, Elea (540) . The See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian colonies were planted among friendly, almost kindred, races, and grew much more rapidly than the Sicilian Greek states, which had to contend against the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage .

After the Achaean cities had combined to destroy the Ionic Siris, and had founded See also:

• METAPONTUM (Gr. Meraaovrtov, mod. Metaponto)

Metapontum as a counterpoise to the Dorian Tarentum, there seems to have been little strife among the Italiotes . An amphictyonic See also:

• LEAGUE

league, See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• RITES

rites at the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• HERA

Hera on the Lacinian promontory, fostered a feeling of unity among them . The See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean and Eleatic systems of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy had their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seat in Magna Graecia . Other departments of literature do not seem to have been so much cultivated among them . The poet See also:

• IBYCUS

Ibycus, though a native of Rhegium, led a very wandering See also:

• LIFE

life . They sent competitors to the Olympic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games (among them the famous See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo of Croton); and the physicians of Croton early in the 6th century (especially in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Democedes) were reputed the best in Greece; but politically they appear to have generally kept themselves See also:

• SEPARATE

separate . One See also:

• SHIP

ship of Croton, however, fought at See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis, though it is not recorded that Greece asked the Italiotes for help when it sent ambassadors to Gelon of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse . Mutual discord first sapped the prosperity of Magna Graecia . In 510 Croton, having defeated the Sybarites in a great See also:

• BATTLE

battle, totally destroyed their city . Croton maintained alone the leading position which had belonged jointly to the Achaean cities (Diod. xiv . 103) ; but from that time Magna Graecia steadily declined . In the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and Syracuse Magna Graecia took comparatively little See also:

• PART

part; Locri was strongly See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Athenian, but Rhegium, though it was the headquarters of the Athenians in 427, remained neutral in 415 .

Foreign enemies pressed heavily on it . The Lucanians and Bruttians on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north captured one See also:

• TOWN

town after another . See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of Syracuse attacked them from the south; and after he defeated the Crotoniate league and destroyed Caulonia (389 B.C.), Tarentum remained the only powerful city . Henceforth the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Magna Graecia is only a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the vicissitudes of Tarentum (q.v.) . Repeated expeditions from Sparta and See also:

• EPIRUS, or EPEIRUS

Epirus tried in vain to prop up the decaying Greek states against the Lucanians and Bruttians; and when in 282 the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans appeared in the Tarentine Gulf the end was See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The aid which See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus brought did little See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good to the Tarentines, and his final departure in 274 See also:

• LEFT

left them defenceless . During these See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• WARS

wars the Greek cities had been steadily decaying; and in the second Punic war, when most of them seized the opportunity of revolting from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, their very existence was in some cases annihilated . See also:

• MALARIA

Malaria increased in strength as the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population diminished . We are told by See also:

• CICERO

Cicero (De am . 4), Magna Graecia nunc quidem deleta est . Many of the cities completely disappeared, and hardly any of them were of great importance under the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; some, like Tarentum, 1 This passage should perhaps be referred to the 8th century B.c . It is the first mention of an Italian See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in a See also:

• LITERARY

literary record .

maintained their existence into See also:

• MODERN

modern times, and in these only (except at Locri) slave archaeological investigations of any importance been carried on; so that there still remains a consider-able See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for investigation . (T .