MAGNOLIA  , the typical genus of the botanical See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Magnoliaceae, named after See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier . It contains about twenty See also:

• SPECIES

species, distributed in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, See also:

• CHINA

China and the Himalayas, as well as in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . Magnolias are trees or shrubs with See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous or rarely See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen foliage . They See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear conspicuous and often large, fragrant, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose or See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . The sepals are three in number, the petals six to twelve, in two to four See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of three in each, the stamens and carpels being numerous . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit consists of a number of follicles which are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne on a more or less conical receptacle, and dehisce along the See also:

• OUTER

outer edge to allow the See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown seeds to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape; the seeds however remain suspended by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long slender See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread (the funicle) . Of the old-See also:

• WORLD

world species, the earliest in cultivation appears to have been M . Yulan (or M. conspicua) of China, of which the buds were preserved, as well as used medicinally and to See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice; together with the greenhouse species, M. fuscata, it was transported to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in 1789, and thence to North America, and is now cultivated in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle States . There are many See also:

• FINE

fine forms of M. conspicua, the best being Soulangeana, white tinted with purple, Lenne and stricta . Of the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese magnolias, M . Kobus and the purple-flowered M. obovata were met with by See also:

• KAEMPFER, ENGELBRECHT (1651-1716)

Kaempfer in 169o, and were introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1709 and 1804 respectively . M. pumila, the See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf magnolia, from the mountains of See also:

• AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna, is nearly evergreen, and bears deliciously scented flowers; it was introduced in 1786 .

The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian species are three in number, M. globosa, allied to M. conspicua of Japan, M. sphenocarpa, and, the most magnificent of all magnolias, M . Campbellii, which forms a conspicuous feature in the scenery and vegetation of See also:

• DARJEELING

Darjeeling . It was discovered by Dr See also:

• GRIFFITH, SIR RICHARD JOHN (1784-1878)

Griffith in See also:

• BHUTAN

Bhutan, and is a large See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, abounding on the outer ranges of See also:

• SIKKIM

Sikkim, 8o to 150 ft. high, and from 6 to 12 ft. in girth . The flowers are 6 to lo in. across, appearing before the leaves, and vary from white to a deep rose See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The first of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American species brought to Europe (in 1688 by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Banister) was M. glauca, a beautiful evergreen specie-about 15 ft. high with obtuse leathery leaves, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green above, silvery underneath, and globular flowers varying from creamy white to.See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale yellow with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . It is found in See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low situations near the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea from See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts to See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana—more especially in New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey and the Carolinas . M. acuminata, the so-called " See also:

• CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus, Fr. concombre, O. Fr. coucombre, whence the older English spelling and pronunciation " cowcumber," the standard in England up to the beginning of the 18th century)

cucumber tree," from the resemblance of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young fruits to small cucumbers, ranges from See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania to Carolina . The See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood is yellow, and used for See also:

• BOWLS

bowls; the flowers, 3 to 4 in. across, are See also:

• GLAUCOUS (Gr. yAavK6s, bright, gleaming)

glaucous green tinted with yellow . It was introduced into England from See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia about 1736 . M. tripetala (or M. See also:

• UMBRELLA

umbrella), is known as the " umbrella tree " from the arrangement of the leaves at the ends of the branches resembling somewhat that of the ribs of an umbrella . The flowers, 5 to 8 in. across, are white and have a strong but not disagreeable See also:

• SCENT

scent . It was brought to England in 1752 .

M . Fraseri (or M. auriculata), Magnolia grandiflora, shoot with See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower; rather less than z nat. See also:

• SIZE

size . 1 . Flower after removal of the sepals and petals, showing the in-definite stamens, s, and carpels, c . 2 . Fruit—the ripe carpels are splitting, exposing the seeds, some of which are suspended by the long funicle . 3 . Floral See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram, b, bract . discovered by John Bartram in 1773, is a native of the western parts of the Carolinas and See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, extending southward to western See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama . It grows 30 to 50 ft. high, has leaves a See also:

• FOOT

foot or more long, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-shaped and bluntly auricled at the See also:

• BASE

base, and fragrant pale yellowish-white flowers, 3 to 4 in. across . The most beautiful species of North America is M. grandiflora, the " See also:

• LAUREL

laurel magnolia," a native of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern States, and introduced into England in 1734 . It grows a straight See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, 2 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and upwards of 70 ft. high, bearing a profusion of large, powerfully See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon-scented creamy-white flowers .

It is an evergreen tree, easily recognized by its glossy green See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval oblong leaves with a rusty-brown under See also:

• SURFACE

surface . In England it is customary to See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train it against a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall in the colder parts, but it does well as a See also:

• BUSH

bush tree; and the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original species is surpassed by the See also:

• EXMOUTH
• EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW, 1ST VISCOUNT (1757-1833)

Exmouth varieties, which originated as seedlings at See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter from the tree first raised in England by See also:

• SIR

Sir John Colliton, and which flower much more freely than the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent plant . Other fine magnolias now to be met with in gardens are M. cordata, a North American deciduous tree 40 to 5o ft. high, with heart-shaped leaves, woolly beneath, and yellow flowers lined with purple; M. hypoleuca, a fine Japanese tree 6o ft. high or more, with leaves a foot or more long, 6 to 7 in. broad, the under surface covered with hairs; M. macrophylla, a handsome deciduous North American tree, with smooth whitish bark, and very large beautiful green leaves, 1 to 3 ft. long, 8 to to in. broad, oblong-obovate and heart-shaped at the base; the open sweet-scented See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-shaped flowers 8 to to in. across, are white with a purple blotch at the base of the petals; M. stellata or Halleana, a charming deciduous Japanese See also:

• SHRUB

shrub remarkable for producing its pure white starry flowers as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• FEBRUARY

February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March on the leafless stems; and M . Watsoni, another fine deciduous Japanese bush or small tree with very fragrant pure white flowers 5 to 6 in. across . The See also:

• TULIP (Tulipa)

tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, a native of North America, frequently cultivated in England, is also a member of the same See also:

• FAMILY

family . It reaches a height of over See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft. in a native See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and as much as 6o to 8o ft. in England . It resembles the See also:

• PLANE

plane tree somewhat in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, but is readily recognized by lobed leaves having the apical See also:

• LOBE

lobe truncated, and by its soft green and yellow tulip-like flowers—which however are rarely borne on trees under twenty years of age . For a description of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal species of magnolia under cultivation see J . Weathers, See also:

• PRACTICAL

Practical See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden See also:

• PLANTS

Plants, pp . 174 seq., and for a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the American species see C . S . See also:

• SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent, See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva of North America, vol. i .