MAINE  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, the most north-easterly state in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, and the largest of the New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England See also:

• GROUP

group . It lies between 430 4' and 470 27' 33" N., and between 66° 56' 48" and 71° 6' 41" W . It is bounded N.W. by the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec; N. and E. by the Canadian province of New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, from which it is separated in See also:

• PART

part by the natural barriers of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RIVER

River, the See also:

• GRAND

Grand (or Schoodic) Lakes, the Saint Croix River, and See also:

• PASSAMAQUODDY

Passamaquoddy See also:

• BAY

Bay; S.S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; and W. by New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, the Piscataqua and See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon Falls See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers being the natural boundary lines at the S.W . The See also:

• AREA

area of the state is 33,040 sq. m., 3145 sq. m. being See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Maine attracts more summer visitors than any other state in the Union . This is due to the cool and refreshing summer See also:

• CLIMATE

climate; the picturesque See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and its many islands, which are favourite grounds for camps and summer cottages; the mountains, and the beautiful lakes and rivers, many of which afford opportunities for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good fishing and canoeing . Among the more widely known resorts are See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• DESERT

Desert See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, on which is See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar Harbor, a fashionable summer See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• GREAT

great beauty; See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long Island, Orr's and other islands in Casco Bay; Old See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

Orchard, with a gently sloping See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BEACH

beach 9 m. long, Rangeley and Moosehead Lakes, favourite resorts of fishermen and hunters; Mt Katandin, in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the See also:

• MOOSE

moose See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland Springs (38 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail from See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland) in Androscoggin See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, near See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake Anasigunticook.' About 1870, camps, summer cottages, summer hotels and boarding houses began to multiply throughout the state . The needs of this summer See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population gave a new impulse and a new turn to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture; and the demand for souvenirs revived among the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians See also:

• BASKET

basket-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, See also:

• MOCCASIN (a North-American Indian word, of which the spelling and pronunciation vary in different dialects)

moccasin-making, and such crafts . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The surface is a gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling upland, forming a part of the " New England uplands," above which rise isolated See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain 'peaks and clusters of peaks, and below which are cut numerous river valleys.' The highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak is Mt Katandin (5200 ft.), a little N.E. of the centre of the state in Piscataquis county, which rises from a comparatively level upland . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Katandin, in See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin county, are most of the other high peaks of the state: Saddleback Mountain (4000 ft.), Mt See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham (3388 ft.), Mt See also:

• BIGELOW, JOHN (1817- )

Bigelow (3600 ft.), and Mt See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue (3200 ft.) . A little N. of this See also:

• LINE

line of mountain peaks is the water-parting which divides the state into a north slope and a south slope . The north slope descends gently both to the N. and to the E.; although quite hilly in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and western portions it is so poorly drained that swamps abound in all sections .

The south slope which contains nearly all the mountains and is generally more hilly, has a mean descent toward the sea of about 7 ft. to the mile, the fall being greater in the W., where the mountains are high at the N. and the See also:

• SHORE

shore See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low at the S., and less to the E., where the water-parting is See also:

• LOWER

lower and the shore high and rocky . After the uplift which caused the rivers to cut below the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general " uplands," and develop well marked valleys for themselves, came the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the great See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental glaciation . The See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier or See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice See also:

• SHEET

sheet overran all Maine, irregularly scouring out the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock to produce rock basins, damming up many river valleys with glacial deposits and completely disarranging the drainage lines . When the ice melted, the rock basins and the dammed-up valleys filled with water to produce lakes . This is the origin of the numerous lakes of Maine, which give it some of its most beautiful scenery, and help to make it a See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday resort in summer . These lakes are about 1600 in number, are scattered in all parts of the state, are especially numerous at high elevations, and have an aggregate area of more than 2000 sq. m . Few other regions have so many large lakes so variously ' This See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition results from the fact that Maine and the adjacent region were worn down nearly to sea-level by stream erosion, except certain peaks and ridges inland; then the region was elevated and numerous river valleys were cut down below the general erosion surface formed before . Thus we have a general " upland surface," above which the mountain remnants See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and below which the rivers have been entrenched.situated, and with such beauty of aspect and surroundings . They contribute largely to a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of water See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power for which the course of the rivers of S.W . Maine are exceptionally well adapted', many of them abound in See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, salmon, togue, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass and pickerel; and near them there is still much See also:

• GAME

game . Moosehead Lake (about 120 sq. m.; 35 M. long and from 2 M. to 10 M. wide), on the boundary between Piscataquis and See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset counties, is the largest in Maine and the largest inland See also:

• BODY

body of water wholly in New England ; the Kennebec River is its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal outlet and Mt Kineo rises abruptly to about 176o ft. above the sea (about 700 ft. above the lake) on its eastern shore . Other lakes, such as the Rangeley Lakes,2 Chesuncook and Twin Lakes on the See also:

• PENOBSCOT

Penobscot, and the Grand or Schoodic Lakes, in the western boundary at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Saint Croix River, equal or surpass Moosehead in picturesqueness .

The glacier or ice sheet, above referred to, de-posited till or See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, which was compacted under the enormous pressure of the ice sheet to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the " hard-See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan " referred to later . The glaciation is also responsible for the poor See also:

• SOIL

soil of most of the state, for, although the rocks are the same crystallines which give good soils further south in unglaciated regions, all the decayed portions of the Maine rocks have been removed by glacial erosion, revealing fresh, barren rock over great areas, or depositing the rather sterile hard-pan as a thin coating in other places . After the uplift came a period of subsidence, during which this region sank one or more thousand feet, allowing the sea to encroach on the See also:

• LAND

land and run far inland into the previously made river valleys . This depression probably occurred during the glacial period, perhaps toward its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, and is responsible for the second most important feature of Maine physiography, the embayed coast . To this subsidence are due the picturesque coastal scenery, the numerous islands and bays, the good harbours and the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar coast-line . The shortest distance between the N.E. and the S.W. extremities of the coast is only 225 M.; but, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of projections and indentations, the coast-line See also:

• MEASURES

measures not less than 2500 M . The headlands, the deep indentations and the numerous islands in the bays and beyond produce a beautiful mingling of land and sea and give to the whole ocean front the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a fringed and tasselled border; west of the mouth of the Kennebec River are a marshy shore and many low grassy islands; but See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of this river the shore becomes more and more bold, rising in the precipitous cliffs and rounded summits of Mt Desert and Quoddy Head, 1527 and moo ft. high respectively . All along the coast-line there are capacious and well-protected harbours, Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's, Machias and Passamaquoddy bays being especially noteworthy . After the subsidence came another period of uplift, possibly still in progress . This uplift has brought up submarine deposits of sand, &c., to form little coastal plains at some points along the coast, providing good land for See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement and clay for See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and pottery . Further See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of this uplift is found in old beach lines now well above sea-level . The principal river systems of Maine are the Saint John on the north slope, and the Penobscot, the Kennebec, the Androscoggin, and the See also:

• SACO

Saco on the south slope .

The mean height of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the St John is exceeded only by that of the Androscoggin, but the fall of the St John River through the greater part of its course in Maine is only sufficient to give a sluggish or a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle current . The Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin and Saco have numerous falls and rapids . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life of Maine shows a mixture of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern forms, and very little that is peculiar as compared with surrounding regions . The state has moose, caribou and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, especially in the northern part . The black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, catamount, See also:

• WOLVERINE

wolverine, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat, See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, racoon, See also:

• MARTEN
• MARTEN, AMERICAN
• MARTEN, HENRY (1602-1680)
• MARTEN, JAPANESE
• MARTEN, STONE

marten, See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable, See also:

• WOODCHUCK

woodchuck, See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk, See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter, See also:

• MINK

mink, See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit and See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel are also found . Geese, ducks and other water See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl frequent the lakes and bays in the migratory See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and eagles, gulls, See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks, kingfishers, owls, .See also:

• PLOVER

plover, See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, " See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge " (ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse), See also:

• ROBINS, BENJAMIN (1707–1751)

robins, orioles, bobolinks, blue birds, swallows, sparrows, and many other insectivorous birds are See also:

• COMMON

common . In the inland waters salmon, trout, togue (Salvelinus namaycush), pickerel and bass abound; along the shore there are lobsters, clams and scallops (See also:

• PEDEN, ALEXANDER (c. 1626-1686)

Peden irradians) ; and off the shore are See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring, alewives, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, See also:

• COD

cod, See also:

• HALIBUT

halibut, See also:

• HADDOCK (Gadus aeglefinus)

haddock, smelts, See also:

• HAKE (Merluccius vulgaris)
• HAKE, EDWARD (fl. 1579)
• HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895)

hake, See also:

• MENHADEN

menhaden, porgies and porpoises . The game in the North See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

Woods attracts large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of sportsmen during the autumn season . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Maine was formerly covered with forests, principally of white See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine and spruce, but mixed with these were some See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

hemlock, tamarack, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, and, on the south slope, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple and See also:

• BEECH

beech . See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

Chestnut and See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut are rare and are found only near 2 This name is applied to a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lakes (the Rangeley, or Oquossoc, the Cupsuptic, the Mooselookmeguntic, the Molechunkamunk or Upper See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson, the Welokenebacook or Lower Richardson, and the Umbagog) in Franklin and See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford counties, in the western part of the state; the Umbagog extends into New Hampshire and its outlet See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps to form the Androscoggin River . These lakes are connected by straits, have a See also:

• TOTAL

total area of between 8o and 90 sq. m., and are from 1200 to 1500 ft. above the sea . They are sometimes called the Androscoggin Lakes .

the south-west border . In 1900 about 21 % of the state's area was cleared, and much besides had once been cleared, but not being suited to agriculture had become reforested . Of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief is the See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple . The See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• CHERRY

cherry and See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear also thrive . The See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach grows well only in the south-west near the border . See also:

• SPECIES

Species of See also:

• GRAPE

grape, See also:

• GOOSEBERRY

gooseberry and See also:

• CURRANT

currant are native, and others are cultivated with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . The See also:

• BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE

blackberry, See also:

• RASPBERRY

raspberry, blueberry and See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry grow wild in profusion throughout the state . Climate.—The climate of the state is moist and, for its See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . Extremes of temperature are not so great as farther inland in the same latitude; for the summer heats are tempered by the sea and the cool north winds, and the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter cold is so constant as to be less severely See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt than the changing temperature of more southern districts . The summers are See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, there being only about 41 months between frosts even in the southern sections, and the mean summer temperature is about 62° F . The mean winter temperature is approximately 2o° F., and the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature for the entire state is 42° F., that for the north slope being about 5° F. less than that for the south slope . Although the temperature remains See also:

• PRETTY

pretty steadily below the freezing point for at least three months of the See also:

• YEAR

year, many of the harbours remain unobstructed; for the tides and the prevailing off-shore winds break up and drive off the ice .

The precipitation is about 42 in. annually, and is distributed very evenly throughout the year, io–I! in. of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain or its See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent in See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow falling each season . During 41 months about 44% of the precipitation is in the form of snow; but the snow-fall varies from about 60 in. on the coast to more than 100 in. on the north slope . The winds are variable; at no season of the year is it usual for them to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from the same direction for many days in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . But, with the exception of those from the west, they are maritime and consequently moisture-bearing . In summer, especially in the latter part of it, the cool and moist N. or N.E. winds often cause a considerable part of the state to be enveloped in See also:

• FOG

fog for several days in succession . Agriculture.—The soil is for the most part glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift, containing a large mixture of clay with sand or See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, and the sub-soil is mostly " hard-pan," i.e. mingled clay and boulders which have been so much compressed by glacial See also:

• ACTION

action as to make the mixture hard and ledge-like . Except in the valley of the Aroostook and along the Kennebec, the Penobscot, and some other rivers, the soil is generally unfit for cultivation, there being too little See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium mixed with it to make it fertile . In the Arroostook valley, however, is the largest undivided area of good arable land in all New England, the soil being a deep, porous, yellow See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam well adapted to the growth of cereals and to See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market gardening . The most sterile regions are on the mountains and along the coast . Because of, the cold climate, the large areas in which there is little or no good arable land, the growing demand for See also:

• TIMBER

timber land, and the large and constant supply of water-power afforded by the principal rivers, agriculture in Maine, as in all the other New England states except See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont, is a smaller See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry than manufacturing; in 1900 there were 87,932 See also:

• PEOPLE

people engaged in manufacturing and only 76,932 engaged in agriculture . Only 32.9% of the state's land area was in that year included in farms, only 37.9% of this See also:

• FARM

farm land was improved, and only 16.3% of the improved land was in crops other than See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage . Nevertheless, as indicated by the unusually large proportion of farmers who either own their farms or pay See also:

• CASH

cash See also:

• RENT

rent for them, farming usually is profitable .

The number of farms in 1900 was 59,299; of these 18,644 contained between 50 and See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo acres and 17,191 contained between See also:

• IOO

ioo and 175 acres, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• SIZE

size being Io6.2 acres; 54,263 (or 91.5 %) were operated by their owners, 775 were operated by part owners, 2030 by cash tenants, and only 745 by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants . Beginning with the middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the increasing competition of the more productive soils of the West, the growth of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban population in the state, and the number of summer visitors effected the reforesting of much poor land and the more intensive cultivation of the better arable land . The cultivation of cereals, for example, has given way to a marked extent in nearly all the farming districts except in Aroostook county to market gardening, dairying, and See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg and poultry See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . The number of See also:

• DAIRY

dairy cows increased from 157,240 in 1890 to 183,000 in 1908, and the annual production of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk increased from 57,969,791 gallons in 1890 to 99,586,188 gallons in 1900 . The number of other neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (180,878 in 1900; 151,000 in 1908) decreased during every See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade from 1860 to 1900; the number of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep in 1900 was 427,209 (31.9% less than in 1890), and in 1908 it was 267,000; but the number of horses in 1890 and 1900 was about the same (140,310 in 1900, but only 116,000 in 1908) . Hay is still by far the largest See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, the acreage of it and of forage in 1899 being 1,270,254 acres, or 76.5% of that of all crops, and the yield was 1,133,932 tons; in 1907 the acreage was 1,400,000 acres, and the crop was 2,100,000 tons . The acreage of cereals decreased from 187,013 in 188o, when agriculture in Aroostook county was little See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, to 166,896 in 1899, when the cereal acreage in Aroostook county alone was 82,069 . Maine potatoes are of a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior quality, and the acreage of this crop increased from 49,617 in 1889 to 1i8,000 in 1907 . Sweet See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, cabbages, turnips, cucumbers and tomatoes are grown in large quantities . The fruit crop consists very largely of apples and strawberries (1,421,773 bushels of apples and 1,066,86oquarts of strawberries in 1899) . The output of eggs increased from 9,369,534 dozen in 1889 to 13,304,150 dozen in 1899 . The most productive dairy See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the state is a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt extending from the south-west corner N.E. entirely across the state and embracing the whole or parts of the counties of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, Oxford, See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland, Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot and Aroostook .

See also:

• LUMBER

Lumber Industry.—Except in the remote parts, the valuable white pine, for which Maine was long noted, has been cut; but the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-land of the state was estimated in 1900 at 23,700 sq. m. or 79% of its area . The tendency is for this area to increase, for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment between 1890 and 1900 of large See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper and pulp See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills on some of the principal rivers of the south slope greatly increased the value of forests, especially those of spruce and poplar . The state makes large appropriations for preventing and extinguishing See also:

• FOREST

forest fires, and in 1903 established a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of forestry in the university of Maine . Good spruce, which is by far the most valuable timber in the state and is used most largely for the manufacture of paper and pulp, stands in large quantities in the St John, Venobscot, Androscoggin and Kennebec basins . Poplar, also used for the manufacture of paper, abounds in several sections of the south slope, but is most abundant in the basin of the Kennebec . White birch, used largely for the manufacture of spools, is found throughout a wide belt extending across the middle of the state . There is much cedar on the north slope . Oak, maple and beech are rather scarce . A new growth of white pine and other timber is gradually becoming valuable . The value of the timber product increased from $11,849,654 in 1890 to $13,489,401 in 1900, and to $17,937,683 in 1905 . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—Fishing has always been an important industry in Maine . From 1901 to 1904 inclusive, the average annual catch amounted to 195,335,646 lb, and its average value was $5,557,083• In 1908, according to state reports, the catch was 185,476,343 lti, valued at $3,849,900 .

See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

Herrings are caught in largest quantities (in 1908, according to state reports, 68,210,800 lb, valued at $450,665), and Maine is noted for the See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

canning of the smaller her-rings under the name of " sardines." In 1908, according to state reports, the take of lobsters was 17,635,980 ib, valued at $I,558,252 . Maine markets more clams than any other state in the Union, and the catches of cod, hake, haddock, See also:

• SMELT (Osmerus eperlanus; Fr. eperlan; Scotch sparling or spirling)

smelt, mackerel, See also:

• SWORDFISH

swordfish, See also:

• SHAD

shad, See also:

• POLLOCK

pollock, cusk, salmon, alewives, eels and halibut are of importance . The scallop See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery is becoming more and more valuable . For the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection and promotion of the See also:

• LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster fishery the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government has established a lobster hatchery at Boothbay Harbor; and the state legislature enacted a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in 1895 prohibiting the taking of lobsters less than See also:

• IO2

io2 in. in length (one effect of this law being to drive the lobster-canning industry from the state) and another law in 1903 for the protection of lobsters with eggs attached . This latter law directs the state See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase such lobsters whenever caught and either to liberate them or to sell them to the United States for keeping in a fish hatchery . Minerals.—The principal See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products are See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, clay products and mineral waters . In 1905 Maine held first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the states of the Union as a producer of granite, the value of the output being $2,713,795 . In 1907 Maine's granite was valued at $2,146,420, that of See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts at $2,328,777, and that of Vermont at $2,693,889 . The See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone is of superior quality, and the largest part of it is used for See also:

• BUILDING

building purposes; much of it is used as paving blocks and some for monuments . It abounds all along the coast east of the Kennebec and on the adjacent islands, and is found farther inland, especially about the Rangeley lakes in Franklin and Oxford counties, and, near Mt Katandin, in Penobscot and Piscataquis counties . The principal quarries, however, are situated in positions most convenient for shipment by water, in the vicinity of Penobscot bay and in Kennebec county, and these have supplied the bulk of the material used in the construction of many prominent buildings and monuments in the United States . The Fox Island granite comes from the quarries on Vinalhaven Island and the surrounding islands, and on Vinalhaven were quarried monolithic columns 51.5 to 54 ft. long and 6 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter for the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City .

Black granite was quarried in 1907 at 12 quarries, in York, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, See also:

• WALDO, SAMUEL LOVETT (1783-1861)

Waldo, Penobscot and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington counties . Limestone abounds, especially in the south-east part of the state, but it is quarried chiefly in See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox county . As its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour —blue and blue-black streaked with white=-renders it undesirable for building purposes, nearly all of it is burned into See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, which has become a very important See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of manufacture in the city of See also:

• ROCKLAND

Rockland; the industry See also:

• DATES

dates back to 1733 in Knox county . In 1907 the quantity of lime burned in Maine was 159,494 tons and its value was $747,947 . Slate is quarried chiefly in Piscataquis county, most of it being used for roofing, but some for blackboards; in 1907 the amount quarried in Maine was valued at $236,106 . About 1896 some remarkably white and pure feldspar began to be quarried in Androscoggin, Oxford and Sagadahoc counties, but afterwards the spar See also:

• MINED

mined in Maine was of less excellent quality; in 1907 the production in Maine was valued at $157,3334, the total for the entire country being $499,069 . Clay is obtaine in various places, and in 1905 the total value of the clay products was $619,294 . In Oxford county See also:

• TOURMALINE

tourmaline, See also:

• SPODUMENE

spodumene (or See also:

• KUNZITE

kunzite) and See also:

• BERYL

beryl occur, the tourmaline crystals being notably large and beautiful . Mineral water occurs in many localities, particularly in Androscoggin, York, Cumberland and Oxford counties; the most famous springs are the Poland Springs in Androscoggin county . Most of the mineral waters bottled in the state are chalybeate and slightly alkaline—saline; their average temperature is about 43° . In 1908 27 springs were reported, their aggregate sales amounting to 1,182,322 gallons . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold alloyed with See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore, See also:

• BARYTES

barytes, See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead occur in small quantities in the state .

In 1908 the total mineral product of the state was valued at $7,044,678 . Manufactures.—Although Maine has no See also:

• COAL

coal and only a very small amount of iron ore within her See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders for the encouragement of manufacturing, yet the abundance of See also:

• FINE

fine timber and the numerous coves, bays and navigable streams along or near the coast promoted See also:

• SHIP

ship-building from the first, and this was the leading industry of the state until about the middle of the 19th century, when wooden See also:

• SHIPS

ships began to be supplanted by those of iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel . Until about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, when the Maine liquor law was passed, the manufacture of See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum from See also:

• MOLASSES

molasses, received in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for lumber and fish in the West Indies, was also an important industry . It was not until See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th century that the large and constant supply of water power afforded by the rivers began to be used to any considerable extent . The first See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill was built at Bruns-See also:

• WICK

wick on the Androscoggin about 1809. and from 183o the development of cotton manufacturing was rapid; woollen mills followed, and See also:

• LATE

late in the 19th century were erected some of the largest paper and pulp mills in the country, which are run by water power from the rivers, and use the spruce and poplar timber in the river basins . The total value of the manufactures of the state increased from $95,689,500 in 1890 to $127,361,485 in 1900; and in 1905 the value of factory-made products alone was $144,020,197, or 2o% greater than their value in 1900.1 Measured by the value the output, paper and wood pulp See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from fifth among the state's manufactures in 1890 to third in 1900 and to first in 1905; from $3,281,051 in 1890 to $13,223,275 in 1900, an increase of 303% within the decade, and to $22,951,124 in 1905, a further in-crease of 73.6 % in this period . Lumber and timber products ranked second (19o5)—$II,849,654 in 1890, $13,489,401 in 1900, and $17,937,683 in 1905 . Cotton goods ranked third (1905) in value--$15,316,9o9 in 189o, $14,631,086 in 1900, and $15,404,823 in 1905 . Woollen goods ranked See also:

• FOURTH

fourth (19o5)—$8,737,653 in 189o, $13,744,126 in 1900, an increase of 57.3% within the decade; and the value of the factory-made product alone in 1905 was $13,969,600, or 20.1 % greater than in 1900 . Boots and shoes ranked fifth (1905) —$22,295,847 in 1900, and $12,351,293 in 1905 . Fish, canned and preserved, followed next, $1,66o,882 in 1890 and $4,779,773 in 1900, an increase within the decade of 187.8%, most of which was in one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch—the canning of small herring under the name " sardines "; from 1900 to 1905 the increase was slight, only $275,358, or 5.8 /o . In the value of its manufactures as compared with those of the other states of the Union, in wooden ships and boats, Maine in 1900 and in 1905 was outranked by New York only; in canned and preserved fish by Washington only (the value of fish canned and preserved in Maine in 1900 was 21.7 % of the total for the United States, and in 1905 19.2 %) ; in the output of woollen mills by Massachusetts and See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania only; in the output of paper mills by New York and Massachusetts only .

It ranked ninth in 1900 and tenth in 1905 in the value of its cotton goods . Portland, See also:

• LEWISTON

Lewiston, See also:

• BIDDEFORD

Biddeford, and See also:

• AUBURN
• AUBURN (from the Low Lat. alburnus, whitish, light-coloured)

Auburn are the leading manufacturing cities, and in 1905 the total value of their manufactures was 21.5% of those of the entire state . But from 1900 to 1905 the value of manufactures See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew most rapidly in Rock-land (especially noted for lime), the increase being from $1,243,881 to $1,822,591 (46.5%), and in See also:

• WATERVILLE

Waterville, where the increase was from $2,283,536 to $3,069,309 (34.4%) . Among the largest paper mills are those a