See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH DE See also:

• JOSEPH DE MAISTRE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

MAISTRE (1754-1821)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French diplomatist and polemical writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery on the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April 1754 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family was an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble one, enjoying the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, and is said to have been of Languedocian extraction . The See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and held other important offices . Joseph himself, after studying at See also:

• TURIN

Turin, received various appointments in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service of Savoy, finally becoming a member of the senate . In 1786 he married Francoise de 1\forand . The invasion and See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Savoy by the French Republicans made him an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . He did not take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in that See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia's domains which was for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time spared, but betook himself to the as yet neutral territory of See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne . There, in 1796, he published his first important See also:

• WORK

work (he had previously written certain discourses, See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, letters, &c.), Considerations sur la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France. in this he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed his views, which were those of a Legitimist, but a Legitimist entirely from the religious and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic point of view . The philosophism of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century was Joseph de See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

Maistre's lifelong See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault . After the still further losses which, in the See also:

• YEAR

year of the publication of this See also:

• BOOK

book, the French Revolution inflicted on Sardinia; See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel summoned Joseph de Maistre to Turin, and he remained there for the brief space during which the king retained a remnant of territory on the mainland . Then he went to the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Sardinia, and held See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office at Cagliari . In 1802 he was appointed See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy extraordinary and See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister plenipotentiary at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, and journeyed thither the next year .

Although his See also:

• POST

post was no See also:

• SINECURE (Lat. sine cura, without care)

sinecure, its duties were naturally less See also:

• ENGROSSING

engrossing than the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• LIFE

life, with intervals of uneasy exile and travelling, which he had hitherto known, and his See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity was See also:

• GREAT

great . He only published a single See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, on the Principe generateur See also:

• DES

des Constitutions; but he wrote his best and most famous See also:

• WORKS

works, Du Pape, De L'eglise gallicane and the Soirees de St Petersbourg, the last of which was never finished . Du Pape, which the second-named book completes, is a treatise in See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, dealing with the relations of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign pontiff to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, to temporal sovereigns, to See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization generally, and to schismatics, especially Anglicans and the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church . It is written from the highest possible standpoint of papal See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism . The Soirees de St Petersbourg, so far as it is anything (for the arrangement is some-what desultory), is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of theodicee, dealing with the fortunes of virtue and See also:

• VICE

vice in this See also:

• WORLD

world . It contains two of De Maistre's most famous pieces, his See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric on the executioner as the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of social See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and his acrimonious, and in part unfair, but also in part very damaging, attack on See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke . The Du Pape is dated May 1817; on the Soirees the author was still engaged at his See also:

• DEATH

death . Besides these works he wrote an examination of the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, some letters on the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition (an institution which, as may be guessed from the remarks just noticed about the executioner, was no stumbling-See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block to him), and, earlier than any of these, a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's " See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on the Delay of Divine See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice," with somewhat copious notes . After 1815 he returned to Savoy, and was appointed to high office, while his Du Pape made a great sensation . But the world to which he had returned was not altogether in accordance with his desires . He had domestic troubles; and chagrin of one sort and another is said to have had not a little to do with his death by See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis on the 26th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1821 at Turin . Most of the works mentioned were not published till after his death, and it was not till 1851 that a collection of Lettres et opuscules appeared, while even since that time fresh See also:

• MATTER

matter has been published .

Joseph de Maistre was one of the most powerful, and by far the ablest, of the leaders of the neo-Catholic and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . The most remarkable thing about his stand-point is that, layman as he was, it was entirely ecclesiastical . Unlike his contemporary See also:

• BONALD, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VICOMTE DE (1754-1840)

Bonald, Joseph de Maistre regarded the temporal See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy as an institution of altogether inferior importance to the spiritual primacy of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . He was by no means a See also:

• POLITICAL

political absolutist, except in so far as he regarded obedience as the first of political virtues, and he seldom loses an opportunity of stipulating for a tempered monarchy . But the pope's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is not to be tempered at all, either by See also:

• COUNCILS

councils or by the temporal power or by See also:

• NATIONAL

national churches, least of all by private See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . The peculiarity of Joseph de Maistre is that he supports his conclusions, or if it be preferred his paradoxes, by the hardest and heaviest See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument . Although a great See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, he never makes rhetoric do See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty for See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic . Every now and then it is possible to detect fallacies in him, but for the most part he has succeeded in carrying matters back to those fundamental See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion which hardly admit of argument, and on which men take sides in consequence chiefly of natural See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent, and of predilection for one See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things rather than for another . The See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of order may be said to have been the first principle of this thinker, who, in more ways than one, will invite comparison with See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes . He could not conceive such order without a single visible authority, reference to which should See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle all dispute . He saw that there could be no such temporal See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and in the pope he thought that he saw a spiritual substitute . The anarchic tendencies of the Revolution in politics and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion were what offended him .

It ought to be . added that he was profoundly and accurately learned in See also:

• HISTORY

history and philosophy, and that the superficial blunders of the 18th-century philosophes irritated him as much as their doctrines . To See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire in particular he shows no See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy . Of the two works named as his masterpieces, Du Pape and the Soirees de St Petersbourg, See also:

• EDITIONS

editions are extremely numerous . No See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his works appeared till 1884-1887, when one was published at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons in 14 volumes . This had been preceded, and has been followed, by numerous See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies and discussions: C . See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Barthelemy, L'Esprit de Joseph de Maistre (1859); R. de Sezeval, Joseph de Maistre (1865), and J . C . See also:

• GLASER, CHRISTOPHER

Glaser, See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf Joseph Maistre (same year); L . I . See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau, Joseph de Maistre (1879); F . Paulhan, Joseph de Maistre et sa philosophie (1893); L .

Cogordan, " Joseph de Maistre " in the Grands ecrivains franrcais (1894) ; F . Descostes, Joseph de Maistre avant la revolution (1896), and other works by the same writer; J . Mandoul, Un Homme d'etat italien: Joseph de Maistre et la politique de la maison de See also:

• SAVOIE

Savoie (1900); and E . Grasset, Joseph de Maistre (1901) . (G .