See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

MAIZE, or See also:

• INDIAN

INDIAN See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

CORN  , Zea Mays (from i-See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea or which appears to have been " spelt," Triticum spelta, according to the description of See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus), a plant of the tribe Maydeae of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Gramineae or See also:

• GRASSES

grasses (see fig . 1) . It is unknown in the native See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but is most probably indigenous to tropical See also:

• AMERICA

America . Small grains of an unknown variety have been found in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient tombs of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, and See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin found heads of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize embedded on the See also:

• SHORE

shore in Peru at 85 ft. above the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Bonafous, however (Histoire naturelle du mais), quotes authorities (Bock, 1532, Ruel and See also:

• FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856)
• FUCHS, LEONHARD (15o1-1566)

Fuchs) as believing that it came from See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and maize was said by See also:

• SANTA

Santa See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa de See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo to have been brought by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs into See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . A See also:

• DRAWING

drawing of maize is also given by Bonafous from a See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• WORK

work on natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, Li-chi-ichin, dated 1562, a little over sixty years after the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the New See also:

• WORLD

World . It is not figured on See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian monuments, nor was any I. any mention made of it by Maize—Zea Mays—unripe See also:

• COB

cob . Eastern travellers in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa or The membranous spathes have Asia See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the 16th cen- been cut and See also:

• DRAWN

drawn aside, revealing tury . See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt, See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse de the spike of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit which bears the See also:

• CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAME DE (1778—1841)

Candolle and others, however, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long silky styles . One-third nat. do not hesitate to say that it See also:

• SIZE

size. originated solely in America, where it had been long and extensively cultivated at the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the discovery of the New World; and that is the generally accepted See also:

• MODERN

modern view . Some hold the view that maize originated from a See also:

• COMMON

common Mexican See also:

• FODDER

fodder grass, Euchlaena mexicana, known as Teosinte, a closely allied plant which when crossed with maize yields a maize-like hybrid . The plant is monoecious, producing the staminate (male) See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers in a large feathery panicle at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit, and the (See also:

• FEMALE

female) dense spikes of flowers, or cobs," in the axils of the leaves below, the long See also:

• PINK

pink styles See also:

• HANGING

hanging out like a silken tassel .

They are invested by the sheaths of leaves, much used in packing oranges in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and the more delicate ones for cigarettes in South America . Fig . 2 shows a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the terminal male inflorescence . Fig . 3 is a single spikelet of the same, containing two florets, with the three stamens of one only protruded . Fig . 4 is a spike of the female inflorescence, protected by the sheaths of leaves—the See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades being also present . Usually the sheaths terminate in a point, the blades being arrested . Fig . 5 is a spikelet of the female inflorescence, consisting of two See also:

• OUTER

outer glumes, the See also:

• LOWER

lower one ciliated, which enclose two florets—one (a) barren (sometimes fertile), consisting of a flowering glume and See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale only, and the other (b) fertile, containing the See also:

• PISTIL

pistil with elongated See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of styles from the whole spike is pendulous from the summit of the sheaths, as in fig . 4 .

Fig . 6 shows the fruit or See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain . More than three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred varieties are known, which differ more among themselves than those of any other cereal . Some come to maturity in two months, others require seven months; some are as many feet high as others are inches; some havekernels eleven times larger than others . They vary similarly in shape and size of ears, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the grain, which may be See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, yellow, See also:

• PURPLE

purple, striped, &c., ,and also in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical characters and chemical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . Dr E . See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis Sturtevant, who has made an extended study of the forms and varieties, classes into seven See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups those grown primarily for the grain, the distinguishing characters of which are based on the grains or kernels; there are, in addition, forms of horticultural See also:

• INTEREST

interest grown for See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . Pod See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn (See also:

• VAR

var. See also:

• TUNICATA

tunicata) is characterized by having each See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel enclosed in a husk . Pop corn (var. everta) has a very large proportion of the " endosperm "—the nutritious See also:

• MATTER

matter which with the small embryo makes up the grain—of a horny consistency, which causes the grain to pop when heated, that is to say, the kernel becomes turned inside out by the See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion of the contained moisture . It is also characterized by the small size of the grain and See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear . See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint corn (var. indurata) has a starchy endosperm enclosed in a horny layer of varying thickness in the different varieties . The colour of the grain is white, yellow, red, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or variegated .

It is commonly cultivated in See also:

• CANADA

Canada and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• UNITED

United States, where the seasons are too See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short for Dent corn, and has been grown as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as 50° N. See also:

• LAT

lat . Dent or See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field corn (var. indentata) has the starchy endosperm extending to the summit of the grain, with horny endosperm at the sides . The See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the grain becomes indented, owing to the drying and shrinkage of the starchy matter; the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the indented See also:

• SURFACE

surface varies with the height and thickness of the horny endosperm . This is the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form commonly grown in the United States; the varieties differ widely in the size of the See also:

• PLANTS

plants and the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the ear . The colour of the grain varies greatly, being generally white, yellow, mottled red, or less commonly red . Soft corn (var. amylacea) has no horny endosperm, and hence the grains shrink uniformly . It is cultivated only to a limited extent in the United States, but seems to have been commonly grown by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians in many localities in North and South America . Sweet corn (var. saccharata) is characterized by the translucent horny appearance of the grains and their more or less wrinkled See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . It is pre-eminently a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable, the ear being used before the grain hardens, when it is well filled but soft and milky . It is often cooked and served in the cob; when canned it is cut from the cob . Canned sweet corn is an important See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of domestic See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in Canada and the FIG . 5.—Female Spikelet .

United States . In starchy sweet corn (var. amylea-saccharata) the grain has the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external appearance of sweet corn, but examination shows the lower See also:

• HALF

half to be starchy, the upper horny and translucent . A form of flint corn, with variegated leaves, is grown for ornament under the name Zea japonica or See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese striped corn . Chemical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, like common experience, shows that See also:

• INDIAN

Indian corn is a very nutritious article of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, being richer in albuminoids than any other cereals when ripe (calculated in the dry See also:

• WEIGHT

weight) . It can be grown in the tropics from the level of the sea to a height equal to that of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees and in the south and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of Europe, but it cannot be grown in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England with any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of profit, except perhaps as fodder . See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

Frost kills the plant in all its stages and all its varieties; and the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop does not flourish well if the nights are cool, no matter how favourable the other conditions . Consequently it is the first crop to disappear as one ascends into the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain regions, and comparatively little is grown See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• GREAT

great plains of North America . In See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, where it scarcely ripens the grain, it furnishes a strong crop in the autumn upon sandy See also:

• SOIL

soil where See also:

• CLOVER

clover and See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne will yield but a 'poor produce . It prefers a deep, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, warm, dry and mellow soil, and hence the rich bottoms and fertile prairies of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin constitute the region of its greatest See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . It is extensively grown throughout See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, both for the ripe grain and for use of the unripe cob as a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green vegetable . It is the most common crop throughout South Africa, where it is known as mealies, being the See also:

• STAPLE

staple food of the natives . It is also largely used for fodder and is an important article of export .

As an article of food maize is one of the most extensively used grains in the world . Although rich in nitrogenous matter and See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat, it does not make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BREAD

bread . A mixture of See also:

• RYE

rye and corn See also:

• MEAL

meal, however, makes an excellent coarse bread, formerly much used iii the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic states, and a similar bread is now the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief coarse bread of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and some, parts of Spain . It is either baked into cakes, called tortilla by the Indians of See also:

• YUCATAN

Yucatan, or made into a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• PORRIDGE (an altered form of " pottage," Fr. pelage, soup, that which is cooked in a pot)

porridge, as in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . When deprived of the See also:

• GLUTEN

gluten it constitutes See also:

• OSWEGO

oswego, maizena or corn See also:

• FLOUR

flour . Maize contains more oil than any other cereal, ranging from 3.5 to 9.5% in the commercial grain . This is one of the factors in its value for fattening purposes . In distilling and some other processes this oil is separated and forms an article of commerce . When maize is sown. broadcast or closely planted in drills the ears may not develop at all, but the stalk is richer in See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and sweeter; and this is the basis of growing " corn-fodder." The amount of See also:

• FORAGE

forage that may be produced in this way is enormous; 50,000 to 8o,000 lb of green fodder are grown per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre, which makes 8000 to 12,000 lb as field-cured . Sugar and See also:

• MOLASSES

molasses have from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time been manufactured from the corn stalks . See articles on corn and Zea Mays in L . H .

See also:

• BAILEY (said to be a corruption of Ballium by some, and derived by others from the Fr. baille, a corruption of bataille, because there the soldiers were drilled in battle array)
• BAILEY, NATHAN
• BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902)
• BAILEY, SAMUEL (1791-1870)

Bailey's Cyclopaedia of See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• HORTICULTURE
• HORTICULTURE (Lat. hortus, a garden)

Horticulture (1900–1902); and for cultivation in India, See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vi . (1893) .