See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)  the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of a anjak of the same name in the Mamuret el-Aziz vilayet of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and a military station on the See also:

• SAMSUN (anc. Antisus)

Samsun-See also:

• SIVAS
• SIVAS (anc. Megalopolis-Sebasteia)

Sivas-Diarbekr road, See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude 2900 ft., situated about ro m . S.W. of the junction of the Tokhma Su (med . Kubakib) with the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, near the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south end of a fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, and at the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus . Pop. about 30,000, including, besides many Armenian Christians, bodies of Kurds and " Kizilbash." It is a wholly See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, rebuilt since the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake of 1893, contains See also:

• FINE

fine public buildings, and is noted for its See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit orchards . There are See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant (See also:

• AMERICAN

American) and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions, and an Armenian Catholic See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop has his seat here . Eskishehr or Old See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

Malatia (Melitene), 5 M . N.E. and 3 M. from the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge (Kirkgeuz) over the Tokhma Su, is said to owe its See also:

• PRESENT

present desolation largely to its occupation by See also:

• HAFIZ

Hafiz See also:

• PASHA

Pasha as his headquarters in 1838 before his advance to fight the disastrous See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Nizib with the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim . But it has still many inhabitants and large gardens and many ruinous mosques, See also:

• BATHS

baths, &c., See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of Mansur's See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . It was the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of von See also:

• MOLTKE, ADAM GOTTLOB, COUNT (1710-1792)
• MOLTKE, ADAM WILHELM, COUNT (1785-1864)
• MOLTKE, HELMUTH CARL BERNHARD, COUNT VON (1800-1891)

Moltke for some months, while attached to Hafiz's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The earliest site was possibly Arslan Tepe about 2 M. south of Eskishehr were two " Hittite " stelae, representing See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting scenes, now in the See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris museums, were found in 1894 . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (xii . 537) there was no town in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Melitene, which was reckoned See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia .

Under See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus the place became the permanent station of the 12th (" Thundering ") See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion; See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan raised it to a city . Lying in a very fertile See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country at the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing point of important routes, including the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian " Royal Road, ' and two imperial military highways from Caesarea and along the Euphrates See also:

• BANK

bank, it See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• SIZE

size and importance, and was the, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia Minor or Secunda . Justinian, who completed the walls commenced by See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius, made it the capital of Armenia Tertia ; it was then a very great place (Procop., De See also:

• AED

aed., iii . 4) . The town was burnt by See also:

• CHOSROES

Chosroes on his See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat after his A systematic See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign for the destruction of breeding-places has been inaugurated in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICAN

African colonies, with encouraging results . The planting of See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

eucalyptus trees is out of favour at present, but it appears to have been successful in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, not from any prophylactic virtues in the plant, but through the great absorption of moisture by its deep roots, which tends to dry the subsoil . Treating the breeding-ponds with See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum or similar preparations seems to be hardly applicable on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case can only be a temporary expedient . H . Ziemann See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates the destruction of See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito larvae by the growing of such See also:

• PLANTS

plants as the See also:

• WATER

water-pest (Anacharis alsinatrum) which covers the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the water and suffocates larvae and nymphae . See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short of suppressing mosquitoes, the parasitic See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle may theoretically be broken by preventing them from giving the infection to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or taking it from him . The means of accomplishing the former have been already pointed out, but they are obviously difficult to carry out on a large scale, particularly in native communities . It is one thing to protect individuals from mosquito bites, another to prevent the See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of the See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite in a whole community .

Perhaps the converse is more feasible in some circumstances—that is to say, preventing mosquitoes from having See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to malarial persons, and so propagating the parasite in themselves . It could be carried out where the infected persons are few, by isolating and protecting them, but not where many are infected, as in native villages . See also:

• KOCH
• KOCH, ROBERT (1843–1910)

Koch has suggested that the disinfection of malarial persons by See also:

• QUININE

quinine would have the desired effect, but other authorities of greater experience do not consider it practicable . In spite of the difficulties, however, there is no doubt that a great See also:

• DEAL

deal can be done to reduce, if not See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp out, See also:

• MALARIA

malaria by the methods indicated, which should be applied according to circumstances . An encouraging example is afforded by the remarkable fact that malaria, which was once rife in certain districts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, has now died out, although the Anopheles maculipennis mosquito still exists there . The parasitic cycle has been broken, and the See also:

• INSECT

insect is no longer infected . The suggested causes are (1) reduction of See also:

• INSECTS

insects by drainage, (2) reduced See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, (3) the use of quinine . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick See also:

• MANSON, GEORGE (1850-1876)

Manson has suggested that the problem of stamping out malaria may be assisted by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of some at present unknown factors . He has pointed out that certain areas and certain islands are entirely See also:

• FREE

free from the disease, while neighbouring areas and islands are devastated . This See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity is apparently not due to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of favourable conditions, but rather to the presence of some inimical See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor which prevents the development of the parasite . If this factor could be discovered it might be applied to the suppression of the disease in malarious localities . 1 Drainage See also:

• WORKS

works begun .

2 Nearly all were relapses of previous infection . See also:

• YEAR

Year . Cases of Malaria . 1900 510 1901 I 610 1902 199 903 69 1904 32 1905 23 great defeat there in 577 . Taken by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, retaken and destroyed by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine Copronymus, it was presently recovered to See also:

• ISLAM

Islam, and rebuilt under Mansur (A.D . 756) . It again changed hands more than once, being reckoned among the frontier towns of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (Istakhry, pp . 55, 62) . At length the Greeks recovered it in 934, and Nicephorus II., finding the district much wasted, encouraged the See also:

• JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in it, which they did in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . A See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of the Virgin, and the great See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church which bears his name, were erected by the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius (See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac the Runner) . From this time Malatia continued to be a great seat of the Jacobites, and it was the birthplace of their famous maphrian Barhebraeus (or Abulfaragius) . At the commencement of the rith See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the population was said to number 60,000 fighting men (Assem., Bib .

Or., ii . 149; cf . Barheb., Chr . Ecd., i . 411, 423) . At the time of the first crusade, the city, being hard pressed by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks under See also:

• IBN

Ibn Danishmend, was relieved by See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin, after See also:

• BOHEMUND

Bohemund had failed and lost his See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt . But the Jacobites had no cause to love See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, and the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel was so cruel and faithless that the townsmen were soon glad to open their See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates to Ibn Danishmend (1102), and the city subsequently became part of the See also:

• REALM

realm of Kilij Arslan, See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• ICONIUM (mod. Konia)

Iconium . See H . C . B. v . Moltke, Briefe fiber Zustande, &c. in der Tiirbei (1835-1839) . (D .

G .