See also:

• MARCELLO, BENEDETTO (1686-1739)

MARCELLO See also:

• MARCELLO MALPIGHI (1628-1694)

MALPIGHI (1628-1694)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian physiologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Crevalcuore near See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1628 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen he began the study of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; it appears that he was also in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of amusing himself with the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope . In 1649 he started to study See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine; after four years at Bologna he graduated there as See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor . He at once applied to be admitted to lecture in the university, but it was not till after three years (1656) that his See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request was granted . A few months later he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of theoretical medicine at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, where he enjoyed the friendship and countenance of G . A . See also:

• BORELLI, GIOVANNI ALFONSO (1608-1679)

Borelli . At the end of four years he See also:

• LEFT

left Pisa, on the ground of See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health, and returned to Bologna . A See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to be See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor primarius at See also:

• MESSINA

Messina (procured for him through Borelli, who had in the meantime become professor there) induced him to leave Bologna in 1662 . His engagement at Messina was for a See also:

• TERM

term of four years, at an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• STIPEND

stipend of 1000 scudi . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to retain him at Messina beyond that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, but his services were secured for his native university, and he spent the next twenty-five years there . In 1691, being then in his sixty-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• YEAR

year, and in failing health, he removed to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to become private physician to See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent XII., and he died there of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy three years later, on the 3oth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1694 .

Shortly before his See also:

• DEATH

death, he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his academical and scientific labours, See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence and controversies, and committed it to the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the Royal Society of See also:

• LONDON

London, a See also:

• BODY

body with which he had been in intimate relations for more than twenty years . The auto-See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, along with some other See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous writings, was published in London in 1696, at the cost of the Society . The See also:

• PERSONAL

personal details left by See also:

• MALPIGHI, MARCELLO (1628-1694)

Malpighi are few and dry . His narrative is mainly occupied with a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of his scientific contributions and an account of his relations to contemporary anatomists, and is entirely without See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

graces of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style or elements of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary human See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Malpighi was one of the first to apply the microscope to the study of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable structure; and his discoveries were so important that he may be considered to be the founder of microscopic See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy . It was his practice to open animals alive, and some of his most striking discoveries were made in those circumstances . Although See also:

• HARVEY
• HARVEY, GABRIEL (c. 1545-1630)
• HARVEY, SIR GEORGE (1806-1876)
• HARVEY, WILLIAM (1578—1657)

Harvey had correctly inferred the existence of the capillary circulation, he had never seen it; it was reserved for Malpighi in 1661 (four years after Harvey's death) to see for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the marvellous spectacle of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood See also:

• COURSING (from Lat. cursus, currere, to run)

coursing through a network of small tubes on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• LUNG

lung and of the distended urinary See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder of the See also:

• FROG

frog . We are enabled to measure the difficulties of microscopic observation at the time by the fact that it took Malpighi four years longer to reach a clear understanding of the corpuscles in the frog's blood, although they are the parts of the blood by which its See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in the capillaries is made visible . His See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the capillary circulation was given to the See also:

• WORLD

world in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of two letters De Pulmonibus, addressed to Borelli, published at Bologna in 1661 and reprinted at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden and other places in the years following; these letters contained also the first account of the vesicular structure of the human lung, and they made a theory of respiration for the first time possible . The achievement that comes next both in importance and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of time was a demonstration of the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of structure of secreting glands; against the current See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion (Zevived by F . Ruysch See also:

• FORTY

forty years later) that the glandular structure was essentially that of a closed vascular coil from which the secretion exuded, he maintained that the secretion was formed in terminal acini See also:

• STANDING

standing in open communication with the ducts . The name of Malpighi is still associated with his discovery of the soft or mucous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• LOWER

lower stratum of the epidermis, of the vascular coils in the cortex of the See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney, and of the follicular bodies in the See also:

• SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen .

He was the first to attempt the finer anatomy of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, and his descriptions of the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MATTER

matter and of the fibre-tracts in the See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, with their extensions to the cerebrum and cerebellum, are distinguished by accuracy; but his microscopic study of the grey matter conducted him to the opinion that it was of glandular structure and that it secreted the " vital See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits." At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period he applied himself to vegetable See also:

• HISTOLOGY
• HISTOLOGY (Gr. Ler6c, web, tissue, properly the web-beam of the loom, from iQravai, to make to stand)

histology as an introduction to the more difficult study of the animal tissues, and he was acquainted with the See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral vessels of See also:

• PLANTS

plants in 1662 . It was not till 1671 that he wrote his Anatome plantarum and sent it to the Royal Society, who published it in the following year . An See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• WORK

work under a similar See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title (Anatomy of Vegetables) had been published in London a few months earlier, by See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

Grew; so that Malpighi's priority as a vegetable histologist is not so incontestable as it is in animal histology . The Anatome plantarum contained an appendix, Observations de ovo incubato, which gave an account (with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good plates) of the development of the chick (especially of the later stages) in many points more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete than that of Harvey, although the observations were needlessly lessened in value by being joined to the metaphysical notion of ` praedelineation " in the undeveloped ovum . He also wrote Epistolae anatomicae Marc . Malpighii et See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car . Fracassati (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1662) (on the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, brain, skin, omentum, &c.) ; De viscerum structura: exercitatio anatomica (London, 1669) ; De structura glandularum conglobatarum (London, 1689) ; See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera posthuma, et vita a seipso scripta (London, 1697; another edition, with See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface and additions, was published at Amsterdam in 1700.) An edition containing all his See also:

• WORKS

works except the last two was published in London in 1687, in 2 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, with portrait and plates .