MALTA  , the largest of the Maltese Islands, situated between See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, in the central channel which connects the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . The See also:

• GROUP

group belongs to the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . It extends over 29 m., and consists of Malta, 91 sq. in., See also:

• GOZO (Gozzo)

Gozo (q.v.) 20 sq. m., Comino (set apart as a See also:

• QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine station) 1 sq. in., and the uninhabited rocks called Cominotto and Filfla . Malta (See also:

• LAT

lat. of See also:

• VALLETTA, or VALETTA

Valletta See also:

• OBSERVATORY

Observatory 35° 53' 55" N., See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 14° 30' 45" W.) is about 6o m. from the nearest point of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, 140 M. from the mainland of Europe and 18o from Africa; it has a magnificent natural See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . From the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of maritime See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade its See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession has been important to the strongest nations on the sea for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being . Malta is about 171 M. long by 84 broad; Gozo is 84 by 41 M . This See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of islands stretches from N.E. to S.E . On the S.W. the declivities towards the sea are steep, and in places rise abruptly some 400 ft. from deep See also:

• WATER

water . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general slope of these ridges is towards the N.W., facing Sicily and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-capped See also:

• ETNA
• ETNA (Gr. AZ-rvn, from aZOw, burn; Lat. Aetna)

Etna, the source of cool evening breezes . The Bingemma range, rising 726 ft., is nearly at right angles to the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological " See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

Fault " stretches from sea to sea at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of these hills .

There are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorages in the channels between Gozo and Comino, and between Comino and Malta . In addition to the harbours of Valletta, there are in Malta, facing N.W.; the bays called Mellieha and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, the inlets of the See also:

• SALINA

Salina, of Madalena, of St See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian and St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas; on the S.E. there is the large See also:

• BAY

bay of Marsa Scirocco . There are landing places on the S.W. at Fomh-il-rih and Miggiarro . See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Sceberras (on which Valletta is built) is a precipitous promontory about 1 m. long, pointing N.E . It rises out of deep water; well-sheltered creeks indent the opposite shores on both sides . The See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters on the S.E. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the " See also:

• GRAND

Grand Harbour," having a narrow entrance between See also:

• RICASOLI, BETTINO, BARON (1809-1880)

Ricasoli Point and Fort St Elmo . The See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of bays to the N.W., approached between the points of Tigne and St Elmo, is known as the Marsamuscetto (or Quarantine) Harbour . Mighty fortifications and harbour See also:

• WORKS

works have assisted to make this ideal situation an See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of Mediterranean trade . During the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars and the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign the Grand Harbour was frequently overcrowded with See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping . The See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual supplanting of See also:

• SAIL

sail by steamships has made Malta a coaling station of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary importance . But the tendency to great length and See also:

• SIZE

size in See also:

• MODERN

modern vessels caused those responsible for the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration towards the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century to realize that the harbour See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation was becoming inadequate for modern fleets and first-class liners . A See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater was therefore planned on the Monarch shoal, to See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the available anchorage See also:

• AREA

area and increase the frontage of deep-water wharves available in all weathers .

The Maltese Islands consist largely of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone, with somewhat variable beds of Crystalline See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand and See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl or See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay . The series appears to be in See also:

• LINE

line with See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology similar formations at See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli in Africa, Cagliari in and water See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, and to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south- See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

Supply. east of the Great Fault (already mentioned) the beds are more See also:

• REGULAR

regular, comprising, in descending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, (a) Upper Coralline Limestone; (b) Yellow, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black or Greensand; (c) Marl or Blue Clay ; (d) See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey and See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale Yellow Sandstone; (e) See also:

• CHOCOLATE

Chocolate-coloured nodules with shells, &c.; (f) Yellow Sandstone; (g) See also:

• LOWER

Lower Crystalline Limestone . The Lower Limestone probably belongs to the Tongarian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the Oligocene series, and the Upper Coralline Limestone to the Tortonian stage of the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene, The beds are not folded . The general See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip of the strata is from W.S.W. to E.N.E . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of the Great Fault and at Comino the level of the beds is about 400 ft. lower, bringing (c), the Marl, in juxtaposition with (g), the semi-crystalline Limestone . There is a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of lesser faults, parallel to the Great Fault, dividing the area into a number of blocks, some of which have fallen more than others . There are also indications of another series of faults roughly parallel to the south-east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which point to the islands being fragments of a former extensive See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . The mammalian remains found in See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene deposits are of exceptional See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Among the more remarkable forms are a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant (including a pigmy variety), and a gigantic See also:

• DORMOUSE
• DORMOUSE (a word usually taken to be connected with Lat. dormire, to sleep, with " mouse " added, cf. Germ. Schlafratte; it is not a corruption of Fr. dormeuse; Skeat suggests a connexion with Icel. (Mr, benumbed, cf. Eng. " doze ")

dormouse . In the Coralline Limestone the following fossils have been noted:—Spondylus, Ostrea, Pecten, Cytherea, Area, Terebratula, Orthis, Clavagella, See also:

• ECHINUS (Gr. for " hedge-hog " or " sea-urchin ")

Echinus, Cidaris, Nucleolites . Brissus, Spatangus; in the Marl the See also:

• NAUTILUS

Nautilus zigzag; in the Yellow, Black and Greensand shells of Lenticulites complanatus, See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth and vertebrae of Squalidae and See also:

• CETACEA
• CETACEA (from the Gr. ,Eros, a whale)

Cetacea; in the Sandstone Vaginula depressa .

Crystallaria, Nodosaria, Brissus,Nucleolites, Pecten burdigallensis, Scalaria, Scutella subrotunda, Spatangus, Nautilus, Ostrea navicularis and Pecten cristatus (see See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• SPRATT, THOMAS ABEL BRIMAGE (1811-1888)

Spratt's See also:

• WORK

work and papers by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Ducie and Dr See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams) . The Blue Clay forms, at the higher levels, a stratum impervious to water, and holds up the rainfall, which soaks through the spongy See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the superimposed coralline formations . Hence arise the springs which run perennially, several of which have been collected into the See also:

• GRAVITATION (from Lat. gravis, heavy)

gravitation water supplies of the Vignacourt and Fawara aqueducts . The larger See also:

• PART

part of the water supply, however, is now derived by pumping from strata at about sea-level . These strata are generally impregnated with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt water, and are practically impenetrable to the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-water of less See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . The See also:

• HONEYCOMB

honeycomb of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, and capillary See also:

• ACTION

action, retard the lighter fresh-water from sinking to the sea; the soakage from rain has therefore to move horizontally, over the strata about sea-level, seeking outlets . At this stage the rain-water is intercepted by See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, and by galleries hewn for See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in the water-bearing rock . Large reservoirs assist to See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store this water after it is raised, and to equalize its See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is, for the greater part of the See also:

• YEAR

year, temperate and healthy; the thermometer records an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mean of 67° F . Between See also:

• JUNE

June and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the temperature ranges climate and from 75° to 90°; the mean for See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

Hygiene . See also:

• FEBRUARY

February is 56°; See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, May and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November are mild . Pleasant north-east winds See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow for an See also:

• AVERAGE

average of 150 days a year, cool northerly winds for 31 days, east winds 70 days, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west for 34 days .

The north-west " Gregale " (See also:

• EUROCLYDON (Gr. eupos, east wind; KM)bwv, wave)

Euroclydon of Acts 'cavil . 14) blows about the See also:

• EQUINOX (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and nox, night)

equinox, and occasionally, in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months, with almost See also:

• HURRICANE

hurricane force for three days together; it is recorded to have caused the drowning of 600 persons in the harbour in 1555 . This See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind has been a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant menace to shipping at See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor; the new breakwater on the Monarch Shoal was designed to resist its ravages . The regular tides are hardly perceptible, but, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of barometric pressure and wind, the sea-level occasionally varies as much as 2 ft . The average rainfall is 21 in.; it is, however, uncertain; periods of drought have extended over three years . Snow is seen once or twice in a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation; violent hailstorms occtfr . On the 19th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1898, exceptionally large hailstones See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell—one, over 4 in. in length, being brought to the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• FREMANTLE

Fremantle, for inspection . Mediterranean (sometimes called " Malta ") See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever has been traced by See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce to a Micrococcus melitensis . The supply of water under pressure is widely distributed and excellent . There is a modern system of drainage for the towns, and all See also:

• SEWERAGE

sewerage has been intercepted from the Grand Harbour . There are efficient hospitals and asylums, a system of sanitary inspection, and modernized quarantine stations . It is hardly possible to differentiate between imported and indigenous See also:

• PLANTS

plants .

Among the marine See also:

• FLORA

flora may be mentioned Fora . Porphyra laciniata, the edible laver; Codium tomentosum, a coarse species; Padina pavonia, See also:

• COMMON

common in shallow water; Ulva latissima; Haliseris polypodioides; Sargassum bacciferum; the well-known gulf See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed, probably transported from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic; Zostera See also:

• MANNA

manna, forming dense beds in muddy bays; the roots are See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast up by storms and are valuable to See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Among the See also:

• LAND

land plants may be noted the blue See also:

• ANEMONE

anemone; the See also:

• RANUNCULUS

ranunculus along the road-sides, with a strong perfume of violets; the Malta See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

heath, which See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers at all seasons; Cynomorium coccineum, the curious " Malta fungus," formerly so valued for medicinal purposes that a guard was set for its preservation under the See also:

• RULE

rule of the Knights; the See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant's-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye; three species of See also:

• MALLOW

mallow and See also:

• GERANIUM

geranium; See also:

• OXALIS

Oxalis cernua, a very troublesome imported weed; See also:

• LOTUS

Lotus edulis; Scorpiurus subvillosa, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and cultivated as See also:

• FORAGE

forage; two species of the horseshoe-See also:

• VETCH

vetch; the See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium See also:

• POPPY

poppy; the yellow and See also:

• CLARET (from the Fr. vin claret, mod. clairet, wine of a light clear colour, from Lat. clarus, clear)

claret-coloured poppy; wild See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose; Crataegus azarolus, of which the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is delicious preserved; the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-plant; squirting See also:

• CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus, Fr. concombre, O. Fr. coucombre, whence the older English spelling and pronunciation " cowcumber," the standard in England up to the beginning of the 18th century)

cucumber; many species of See also:

• UMBELLIFERAE

Umbelliferae; See also:

• LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

Labiatae, to which the spicy flavour of the See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey (equal- to that of Mt See also:

• HYMETTUS (Ital. Monte Matto, hence the modern name Trello Vouni)

Hymettus) is ascribed; snap-dragons; See also:

• BROOM

broom-See also:

• RAPE
• RAPE (from Lat. rapere, to seize)
• RAPE (Lat. rapum or rapa, turnip)

rape; See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-wort; Salsola soda, which produces when burnt a considerable amount of See also:

• ALKALI

alkali; there are fifteen species of See also:

• ORCHIDS

orchids; the See also:

• GLADIOLUS

gladiolus and See also:

• IRIS

iris are also found; Urginia scilla, the medicinal See also:

• SQUILL

squill, abounds with its large bulbous roots near the sea; seventeen species of sedges and seventy-seven See also:

• GRASSES

grasses have been recorded . There are four species of See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard and three See also:

• SNAKES

snakes, none of which is venomous; a land See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise, a turtle and a See also:

• FROG

frog . Of birds very See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna. few are indigenous; the See also:

• JACKDAW

jackdaw, blue solitary See also:

• THRUSH (A. S. Prysce, Icel. priistr, Norw. Trast, O. H. Ger. Drosce, whence the mod. Ger. prossel, to be compared with the analogous English form Throstle,l now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives)

thrush, spectacled See also:

• WARBLER

warbler, the See also:

• ROBIN

robin, See also:

• KESTREL (Fr. Cresserelle or Crecerelle, O. Fr. Quercerelle and Quercelle, in Burgundy Cristel)

kestrel and the See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring-See also:

• GULL (Welsh gwylan, Breton, goelann, whence Fr. goeland)
• GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY

gull . A See also:

• BIRD

bird known locally as Hangi, not met elsewhere in Europe, nests at Filfla . Flights of See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail and turtle doves, as well as See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal and ducks, stay long enough to afford See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport . Of migratory birds over two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred species have been enumerated . The only wild See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia in the island are the hedgehogs, two species of See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel, the See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat, and the domestic See also:

• MOUSE

mouse . The Maltese See also:

• DOG

dog was never wild and has ceased to exist as a breed . Malta has several species of zoophytes, See also:

• SPONGES

sponges, See also:

• MOLLUSCA

mollusca and See also:

• CRUSTACEA

crustacea . See also:

• INSECT

Insect See also:

• LIFE

life is represented by plant-bugs, locusts, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-flies, butterflies, numerous varieties of moths, bees and mosquitoes .

Among the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish may be mentioned the See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny, See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, sardine, sea-See also:

• BREAM (Abramis)

bream, dentice and pagnell; See also:

• WRASSE

wrasse, of exquisite rain-See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow See also:

• HUE

hue and good for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food ; members of the herring See also:

• FAMILY

family, sardines, anchovies, flying-fish, sea-See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike; a few representatives of the See also:

• COD

cod family, and some See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat fish ; soles (very rare) ; Cernus which grows to large size; several species of grey and red See also:

• MULLET

mullet; eleven species of Triglidae, including the beautiful flying See also:

• GURNARD (Trigla)

gurnard whose See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours See also:

• RIVAL

rival the See also:

• ANGEL

angel-fish of the West Indies; and eighteen species of mackerel, all migratory . The real See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Malta, viz. of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country districts, is to be differentiated from the See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan fringe of the cities . There is continuous See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that Malta population remains to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day what Diodorus Siculus described it in and the 1st century , " a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of the Phoenicians "; See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

Language . this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Caucasian See also:

• RACE

race came down the great See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf and thence to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . It carried the See also:

• ART

art a.cryWaMer of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation through the Mediterranean, along the Atlantic seaboard as far as Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, leaving colonies along its path . In prehistoric times one of these colonies displaced previous inhabitants of Libyan origin . The similarity of the megalithic temples of Malta and of See also:

• STONEHENGE (Sax. Slanhengist, hanging stones)

Stonehenge connect along the shores of western Europe the earliest evidence of Phoenician See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology proves that, though called " Canaanites " from having sojourned in that land, the Phoenicians have no racial connexion with the See also:

• AFRICAN

African descendants of See also:

• HAM

Ham . No subsequent invader of Malta attempted to displace the Phoenician race in the country districts . The Carthaginians governed settlements of kindred races with a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans took over the Maltese as " dedititii," not as a conquered race . Their See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion by St Paul added difference of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion to the causes which prevented mixture of race . The See also:

• ARABS

Arabs from Sicily came to eject the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison; they treated the Maltese as See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and were not sufficiently numerous to colonize .

The See also:

• NORMANS

Normans came as See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-Christians and deliverers; they found very few Arabs in Malta . The See also:

• FALLACY (Lat. fall-ax, apt to mislead)

fallacy that Maltese is a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia has been luminously disproved by A . E . Caruana, Sull' origine della lingua Maltese . The upper classes heve See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian origin . The knights of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, commonly called " of Malta," were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Europe . They took vows of See also:

• CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy, but they frequently gave See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in Malta to relatives driven to seek See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum from feudal wars and disturbances in their own lands . At the British occupation there were about two dozen families bearing titles of nobility granted, Mad•lsna Pt . StC..rys's & St.Qa11M's See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem . alletta c.s.4 ve .? 7 4 5 See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo Railway ~ ... Ap.ad.cta - su!/a l glntaCM[Sasss^ a ie Long .

[4 25 00,, B ~g ag or recognized,.. by the Grand Masters, and descending by See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture . These " privileges " were guaranteed, together with the rights and religion of the islanders, when they became British subjects, but no See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government has ever recognized papal titles in Malta . High and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, all speak among themselves the Phoenician Maltese, altogether different from the Italian language; Italian was only spoken by 13.24 % in 1901 . Such Italian as is spoken by the lingering minority has marked divergences of See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation and See also:

• INFLEXION (from Lat. inflectere, to bend)

inflexion from the language of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . In 1901, in addition to visitors and the See also:

• NAVAL

naval and military forces, 18,922 Maltese spoke See also:

• ENGLISH

English, and the number has been rapidly increasing . In See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance the Maltese are a handsome, well-formed race, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle height, and well set up; they have escaped the See also:

• NEGROID

negroid contamination noticeable in Sicily, and their features are less dark than the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italians . The See also:

• WOMEN

women are generally smaller than the men, with black eyes, See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and graceful See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage . They are a thrifty and industrious See also:

• PEOPLE

people, prolific and devoted to their offspring, good-humoured, See also:

• QUICK

quick-tempered and impressionable . The food of the working classes is principally See also:

• BREAD

bread, with oil, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese and fruit, sometimes fish, but seldom See also:

• MEAT

meat; common See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine is largely imported from southern Europe . The Maltese are strict adherents to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholic religion, and enthusiastic observers of festivals, fasts and ceremonials . In 1906 the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-See also:

• RATE

rate was 40.68 per thousand, and the excess of births over deaths 2637 . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1907 the estimated population was 206,690 of whom 21,911 were in Gozo .

This phenomenal congestion of population gives interest to records of its growth; in the loth century there were 16,767 inhabitants in Malta and 4514 in Gozo; the See also:

• TOTAL

total population in 1514 was 22,000 . Estimates made at the arrival of the knights (1530) varied from 15,000 to 25,000: it was then necessary to import annually ro,000 quarters of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain from Sicily . The population in 1551 was, Malta 24,000, Gozo 7000 . In 1582, 20,000 quarters of imported grain were required to avert See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine . A See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1J90 makes the population 30,500; in that year 3000 died of want . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers rose in 16or to 33,000; in 1614 to 41,084; in 1632 to 50,113; in 1667 to 55,155; :1.1 1667 11,000 are said to have died of See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague out of the total population . At the end of the rule of the knights (1798) the population was estimated at See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000; sickness, famine and See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration during the See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in Valletta probably reduced the inhabitants to-80,000 . In 1829 the population was 114,236; in 1836, 119,878 (inclusive of the garrison); in 1873, 145,605; at the census in Igor the civil population was 184,742 . Sanitation decreases the See also:

• DEATH

death-rate, religion keeps up the birth-rate . Nothing is done to promote emigration or to introduce manufactures . Towns and Villages.—The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is named after its founder, the Grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master de la Valette, but from its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation it has been called Valletta (pop . 1901, 24,685); it contains the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Grand Masters, the magnificent Auberges of the several " Langues " of the Order, the unique See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St John with the tombs of the Knights and magnificent tapestries and See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble work; a fine See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital are conspicuous .

Between the inner fortifications of Valletta and the See also:

• OUTER

outer works, across the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, is the suburb of Floriana (pop . 7278) . To the south-east of Valletta, at the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Grand Harbour, are the cities of Senglea (pop . 8093), Vittoriosa (pop . 8993) ; and Cospicua (pop . 12,184) ; this group is often spoken of as " The Three Cities." The old capital, near the centre of the island is variously called Notabile, Citta Vecchia (q.v.), and See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina, with its suburb See also:

• RABAT (Ribat)

Rabat, its population in 1901 was 7515; here are the catacombs and the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient cathedral of Malta . Across the Marsamuscetto Harbour of Valletta is a considerable modern See also:

• TOWN

town called Sliema . The villages of Malta are Mellieha, StPaul's Bay, Musta, Birchircara, Lia, Atterd, Balzan, Naxaro, Gargur, Misida, S . Julian's, S . Giuseppe, Dingli . Zebbug, Siggieui, Curmi, Luca, Tarxein, Zurrico, Crendi, Micabbiba, Circop, Zabbar, Asciak, Zeitun, Gudia and Marsa Scirocco . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief town of Gozo is called See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, and there are several small villages .

See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry and Trade.—The area under cultivation in 1906 was 41,534 acres . As a rule the tillers of the See also:

• SOIL

soil live away from their lands, in some neighbouring See also:

• VILLAGE

village . The fields are small and composed of terraces by which the soil has been walled up along the contours of the hills, with enormous labour, to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save it frombeing washed away . Viewed from the sea, the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of one See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall just appearing above the next pr