See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)  , a name given to an See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, Elephas primigenius of See also:

• BLUMENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1752–1840)

Blumenbach . Probably no extinct See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal has See also:

• LEFT

left such abundant See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of its former existence; immense See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of bones, See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, and more or less entire See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car-cases, or " mummies," as they may be called, having been discovered, with the flesh, skin and See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair in situ, in the frozen See also:

• SOIL

soil of the See also:

• TUNDRA (a Russian word, signifying a marshy plain)

tundra of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general characteristics of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order PROnoscIDEA, to which the See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth belongs, are given under that heading . The mammoth pertains to the most highly specialized See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• GROUP

group of elephants, which also contains the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• SPECIES

species . Of the whole group it is in many respects, as in the See also:

• SIZE

size and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the tusks and the characters of the molar teeth, the farthest removed from the See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

mastodon type, while its nearest surviving relative, the Asiatic elephant (E. See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

maximus), has retained the slightly more generalized characters of the mammoth's contemporaries of more See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern climes, E. columbi of See also:

• AMERICA

America and E. armeniacus of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World . The tusks, or upper incisor teeth, which were probably smaller in the See also:

• FEMALE

female, in the adult See also:

• MALES

males attained the length of from 9 to Io ft. measured along the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve . Upon leaving the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head they:were directed at first downwards, and outwards, then upwards and finally inwards at the tips, and generally with a tendency to a See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral form not seen in other elephants . It is chiefly by the characters of the molar teeth that the various extinct modifications of the elephant type are distinguished . Those of the mammoth (fig . 2) differ from the corresponding See also:

• ORGANS

organs of allied species in See also:

• GREAT

great breadth of the See also:

• CROWN

crown as compared with the length, the narrowness and crowding or See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close approximation of the ridges, the thinness of the See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel, and its straightness, See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism and See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of " crimping," as seen on the worn See also:

• SURFACE

surface or in a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal section of the tooth . The molars, as in other elephants, are six in number on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side above and below, succeeding each other from before backwards . Of these Dr See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

Falconer gave the prevailing " See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge-See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula "(or number of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete ridges in each tooth) as 4, 8, 12, 12, 16, 24, as in E. maximus .

Dr See also:

• LEITH

Leith-See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, working from more abundant materials, has shown that the number of ridges of each tooth, especially those at the posterior end of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, is subject to individual variation, ranging in each tooth of the series within the following limits: 3 to 4, 6 to 9, 9 to 12, 9 to 15, 14 to 16, 18 to 27—excluding the small plates, called " talons," at each end . Besides these See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the number of ridges or plates of which each tooth is composed, the thickness of the enamel varies so much as to have given rise to a distinction between a " thick-plated " and a " thin-plated " variety—the latter being most prevalent among specimens from the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic regions . From the specimens with thick enamel plates the transition to the other species mentioned above, including E. maximus, is almost imperceptible . The bones of the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton generally more resemble those of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian elephant than of any other species, but the See also:

• SKULL

skull differs in the narrower See also:

• SUMMIT

summit, narrower temporal fossae, and more prolonged incisive sheaths, supporting the roots of the enormous tusks . Among the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characters by which the mammoth was distinguished from either of the existing species of elephant was the dense clothing, not only of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, coarse outer hair, but also of close under woolly hair of a reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, evidently in See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation to the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• CLIMATE

climate it inhabited . This See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is represented in See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude but graphic drawings of prehistoric See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age found in caverns in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It should be added that See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Asiatic elephants often show considerable traces of the woolly coat of the mammoth . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average height does not appear to have exceeded that of either of the existing species of elephant . The See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical range of the mammoth was very extensive . There is scarcely a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in which its remains have not been found in alluvial See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel or in caverns, and numbers of its teeth are dredged in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland its remains are less abundant, and in Scandinavia and See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland they appear to be unknown; but they have been found in vast numbers at various localities throughout the greater See also:

• PART

part of central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (as far south as See also:

• SANTANDER
• SANTANDER (ancient Portus Blendium or Fanum S. Andreae)

Santander and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome), northern See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and the northern part of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The mammoth belongs to the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary or See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch and was contemporaneous with See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man .

There is evidence to show that it existed in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain before, during and after the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . It is in northern Siberia that its remains have been found in the greatest abundance and in exceptional preservation . For a long period there has been from that region an export of mammoth-See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• FIT

fit for commercial purposes, to See also:

• CHINA

China and to Europe . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was carried on at See also:

• KHIVA

Khiva in fossil ivory . Middendorff estimated the number of tusks which have yearly come into the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market during the last two centuries at at least a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred pairs, but Nordenskidld considers this estimate too See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . Tusks are found along the whole See also:

• SHORE

shore-See also:

• LINE

line between the mouth of the Obi and See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Strait, and the farther north the more numerous they become, the islands of New Siberia being one of the favourite See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting localities . The remains are found not only See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the mouths of the great See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, but embedded in the frozen soil in such circumstances as to indicate that the animals lived not far from the localities in which they are found; and they are exposed either by the melting of the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice in warm summers or the washing away of the sea-cliffs or See also:

• RIVER

river-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . In this way the bodies of more or less nearly perfect animals, often See also:

• STANDING

standing in the 531 erect position, with the soft parts and hairy covering entire, have been brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light . (From See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen.) (Elephas primigenius). c, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement; d, dentine; e, enamel . For geographical See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution and anatomical characters see Falconer's Palaeontological See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs, vol. ii . (1868); B . See also:

• DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD (1838– )

Dawkins, " Elephas Primigenius, its Range in Space and See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

Time," Quart .

Journ; Geol . See also:

• SOC

Soc., xx?ty . 138 (1879); and A . Leith Adams, Monograph of See also:

• BRITISH

British Fossil Elephants," part ii., Palaeontographical Society (1879) . (W . H . F.; R .