See also:

• MAMUN (c. 786-833)

MAMUN (c. 786-833)  , originally ABDALLAH, surnamed See also:

• ALMA

ALMA'MON (" in whom men See also:

• TRUST

trust "), the seventh of the Abbasid caliphs of See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about A.D . 786, and was the second son of See also:

• HARUN

Harun al-Rashid . By Harun's will he was successor- designate to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Amin, during whose reign he was to be See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the eastern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . On Harun's See also:

• DEATH

death (8og) Amin succeeded and See also:

• MAMUN (c. 786-833)

Mamun acquiesced . Irritated, how-ever, by the treatment he received from Amin, and supported by a portion of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, Mamun speedily rebelled . A five years' struggle between the two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers ended in the death of Amin and the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of Mamun as See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph at Bagdad (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 813) . Various factions and revolts, which disturbed the first years of his reign, were readily quelled by his prudent and energetic See also:

• MEASURES

measures . But a much more serious See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, stirred up by his countenancing the heretical See also:

• SECT

sect of See also:

• ALI

Ali and adopting their See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, soon after threatened his See also:

• THRONE

throne . His See also:

• CROWN

crown was actually on the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim b . See also:

• MANDI

Mandi (surnamed Mobarek) for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (See also:

• BARBIER, ANTOINE ALEXANDRE (1765–1825)
• BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE (1805-1882)
• BARBIER, LOUIS

Barbier de Meynard, in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal Asiatique, See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March-See also:

• APRIL

April 1869) . This inaugurated a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of tranquillity, which Mamun employed in fostering literature and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science .

He had already, while governor of See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, founded a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college there, and attracted to it the most eminent men of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and Bagdad became the seat of academical instruction . At his own expense he caused to be translated into Arabic many valuable books from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian, Chaldean and Coptic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; and he was himself an ardent student of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . The first Arabic See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid was dedicated to him in 813 . Mamun founded observatories at Bagdad and Kassiun (near See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus), and succeeded in determining the inclination of the See also:

• ECLIPTIC

ecliptic . He also caused a degree of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian to be measured on the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Shinar; and he constructed astronomical tables, which are said to be wonderfully accurate . In 827 he was converted to the heterodox faith of the Mo'tazilites, who asserted the See also:

• FREE

free-will of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and denied the eternity of the See also:

• KORAN

Koran . The later years (829-830) of his reign were distracted by hostilities with the Greek See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus, while a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of revolts in different parts of the Arabian empire betokened the decline of the military See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of the caliphs . See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and part of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa had already asserted their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria were now inclined to follow . In 833, after quelling Egypt, at least nominally, Mamun marched into See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia to prosecute the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the Greeks, but died near See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus, leaving his crown to a younger brother, Motasim . The death of Mamun ended an important See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of science and letters and the period of Arabian prosperity which his See also:

• FATHER

father's reign had begun . See further under See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, sect . C., §§ 5, 6, 7 .