MANCHE  , a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, made up chiefly of the Cotentin and the Avranchin districts of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, and bounded W., N. and N.E. by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Channel (Fr . La Manche), from which it derives its name, E. by the department of See also:

• CALVADOS

Calvados, S.E. by See also:

• ORNE

Orne, S. by See also:

• MAYENNE
• MAYENNE, CHARLES OF LORRAINE

Mayenne and Ille-et-Vilaine . Pop . (1906), 487,443 . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2475 sq. m . The department is traversed from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to north by a range of hills, in many parts picturesque, and connected in the south with those of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine and See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany . In the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• MORTAIN

Mortain, which has been called the See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland of Normandy, they rise to a height of 1200 ft . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line, See also:

• RUNNING

running northward along the See also:

• BAY

bay of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine from the rocks of See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp to Cape See also:

• BARFLEUR

Barfleur, thence westward to Cape la See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, and finally south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward to the Bay of Mont St See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel, has a length of 200 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . The See also:

• VIRE

Vire and the Taute (which near the small See also:

• PORT

port of Carentan receives the Ouve as a tributary on the See also:

• LEFT

left) fall into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea at the Calvados border, and are See also:

• UNITED

united by a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal some miles above their mouths . From the mouth of the Taute a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• BEACH

beach runs to the port of St Vaast-la-Hougue, where the coast becomes rocky, with sandbanks . Off St Vaast lies the fortified See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Tatihow, with the laboratory of marine See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology of the Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History Museum of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Between Cape Barfleur and Cape la Hague See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the roads of See also:

• CHERBOURG

Cherbourg, protected by the famous See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater .

The whole western coast is inhospitable; its small havens, lying behind formidable barriers and reefs, are almost dry at low See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide . See also:

• GREAT

Great cliffs, such as the points of Jobourg (420 ft. high) and Flamanville, alternate with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long strands, such as that which extends for 30 M. from Cape See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret to See also:

• GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763)

Granville . Between this coast and the Channel Islands the tide, pent up between numerous sandbanks, flows with a terrific force that has given these passages such See also:

• ILL

ill-omened names as Passage de la Deroute and the like . The only important harbours are Granville and the haven of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge of Dielette between Granville and Cherbourg . Carteret carries on a passenger See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic with the Channel Islands . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief stream is the Sienne, with its tributary the Soulle flowing by See also:

• COUTANCES
• COUTANCES, WALTER OF (d. 1207)

Coutances . South of Granville the samds of St Pair are the commencement of the great bay of Mont See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Michel, whose area of 6o,000 acres was covered with See also:

• FOREST

forest till the terrible tide of the See also:

• YEAR

year 709 . The equinoctial tides reach a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical height of nearly 50 ft . In the bay the picturesque walls of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey rise from the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock 400 ft. high . The See, which See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters See also:

• AVRANCHES

Avranches, and the Couesnon (separating Manche from Ille-et-Vilaine) disembogue in the bay . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Manche is mild and humid, from its propinquity to the sea . Frosts are never severe; myrtles and fuchsias flourish in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air .

Excessive See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is also unusual; the predominant winds are south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The characteristic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the department is the rearing of horses and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, carried on especially in the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich meadow of the eastern Cotentin; See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are raised in the western See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement of Coutances . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and oats are the chief cereals cultivated . Manche is one of the foremost departments for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider-apples and See also:

• PEARS

pears; plums and See also:

• FIGS

figs are also largely grown . See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

Butter is an important source of profit, as also are poultry and eggs . Flourishing See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardens are found in the west . The department contains valuable See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite quarries in the Cherbourg arrondissement and the Chausey islands; See also:

• BUILDING

building and other See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone is quarried . Villedieu manufactures See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-See also:

• WARE

ware and Sourdeval See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and other See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-ware; and there are See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-See also:

• WORKS

works and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-works, but the department as a whole is industrially unimportant . There are See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-beds on the coast (St Vaast, &c.), and the maritime See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, besides fishing for See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, lobsters or See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole, collect seaweed for agricultural use . Coutances is the seat of a bishopric of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen . The department forms See also:

• PART

part of the region of the X. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and of the circumscriptions of the academie (educational See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) and See also:

• APPEAL

appeal-See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CAEN

Caen . Cherbourg (q. v.), with its.important port, See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, is the chief centre of population .

St L8 (q.v.) is the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital; there are six arrondissements (St LS, Avranches, Cherbourg, Coutances, Mortain, Valognes), with 48 cantbns and 647 communes . Avranches, Mortain, Coutances, Granville and Mont . Saint Michel receive See also:

• SEPARATE

separate treatment . At Lessay and St Sauveur-le-Vicomte there are the remains of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine abbeys, and Torigni-sur-Vire and Tourlaville (See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Cherbourg) have interesting chateaux of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Valognes, which in the 17th and 18th centuries posed as a provincial centre of culture, has a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (15th, 16th and 17th centuries) remarkable for its See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, the only one of See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in France .