See also:

• MANISA (anc. Magnesia ad Sipylum)

MANISA (anc. See also:

• MAGNESIA

Magnesia ad Sipylum)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the Saru-See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan sanjak of the See also:

• AIDIN

Aidin (See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna) vilayet of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, situated in the valley of the Gediz Chai (Hermus), at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of Mt Sipylus, and connected by railway with Smyrna and Afium Kara-See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar . Pop. about 35,000, See also:

• HALF

half being Mussulman . See also:

• MANISA (anc. Magnesia ad Sipylum)

Manisa is an important commercial centre, and contains interesting buildings dating from the times of the Seljuk and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Osmanli sultans, including mosques built by See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad II. and III. and a Mevlevi Tekke second only to that at See also:

• KONIA

Konia . It is the seat of a flourishing See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MISSION

mission . In 1204 Manisa was occupied by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DUCAS
• DUCAS (15th cent.)

Ducas, who when he became See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor made it the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In 1305, after the in-habitants had massacred the Catalan See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger de See also:

• FLOR, ROGER DI

Flor besieged it unsuccessfully . In 1313 the town was taken by Saru Khan and became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Turcoman emirate of that name . In 1398 it submitted to the Osmanli See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan Bayezid I., and in 1402 was made a treasure See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by Timur . In 1419 it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the insurrection of the liberal reformer, Bedr ed-Din,which was crushed by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Murad, whose See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the town as Murad II., after twice abdicating the See also:

• THRONE

throne, is one of the most romantic stories in See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• HISTORY

history . In the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Manisa became the residence of the greatest of the Dere See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey families, Kara See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman Oglu, Turcoman by origin, and possibly connected with the former emirs of Sarukhan, which seems to have risen to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by farming the taxes of a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province which princes of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

Othman had often governed and regarded with especial See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . The liva of Sarukhan was one of the twenty-two in the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire leased on a See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure up to the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Mahmud II . In the 18th century the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Kara Osman Oglu (or Karasman) ruled de facto all See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west central See also:

• ANATOLIA (Gr. avaroX,7, sunrise, i.e. eastern land)

Anatolia, one member being See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Bergama and another of Aidin, while the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the house held Manisa with all the Hermus valley and had greater power in Smyrna than the representative of the capitan See also:

• PASHA

pasha in whose province that city nominally See also:

• LAY

lay .

Out-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side their own fiefs the family had so much See also:

• PROPERTY

property that it was commonly said they could See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep in a house of their own at any See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage from Smyrna to Baghdad . The last of its See also:

• GREAT

great beys was Haji Hussein Zade, who was frequently called in to Smyrna on the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European merchants, to assure tranquillity in the troublous times consequent on See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's invasion of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, and the See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian attacks on the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte early in the 19th century . He always acquitted himself well, but having refused to bring his contingent to the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier when on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march to Egypt in 1798, and awakened the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the capitan pasha, he was in continual danger . Exiled in 1812, he was subsequently restored to Manisa, and died there in 1821 . His son succeeded after sanguinary tumults; but Mahmud II., who had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long marked the family for destruction, was so hostile towards it, after he had got rid of the See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

janissaries, that it had lost all but the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of power by 1830 . Descendants survived in Manisa who retained a See also:

• SPECIAL

special right of granting See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-deeds within the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . (D . G .