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HENRY EDWARD MANNING (1808-1892)

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 591 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HENRY See also:EDWARD See also:MANNING (1808-1892)  , See also:English See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:cardinal, was See also:born at Totteridge, See also:Hertfordshire, on the 15th of See also:July 1808,1 being the third and youngest son of See also:William See also:Manning, a See also:West See also:India See also:merchant, who was a director of the See also:Bank of See also:England and See also:governor, 1812-1813, and who sat in See also:Parliament for some See also:thirty years, representing in the Tory See also:interest Plympton See also:Earle, See also:Lymington, See also:Evesham, and See also:Penryn consecutively . His See also:mother, See also:Mary, daughter of See also:Henry Leroy See also:Hunter, of See also:Beech See also:Hill, See also:Reading, was of a See also:family said to be of See also:French extraction . Manning's boyhood was mainly spent at Coombe Bank, Sundridge, See also:Kent, where he had for companions See also:Charles and See also:Christopher See also:Wordsworth, afterwards bishops of St See also:Andrews and of See also:Lincoln . He was educated at See also:Harrow, 1822-1827, Dr G . See also:Butler being then the See also:head See also:master, but obtained no distinction beyond being in the See also:cricket eleven in 1825 . He matriculated at Balliol See also:College, See also:Oxford, in 1827, and soon made his See also:mark as a debater at the See also:Union, where See also:Gladstone succeeded him as See also:president in 1830 . At this date he was ambitious of a See also:political career, but his See also:father had sustained severe losses in business, and in these circumstances Manning, having graduated with first-class honours in 1830, obtained the See also:year following, through See also:Viscount Goderich, a See also:post as supernumerary clerk in the colonial See also:office . This, however, he resigned in 1832, his thoughts having been turned towards a clerical career under Evangelical influences, which affected him deeply throughout See also:life . Returning to Oxford, he was elected a See also:fellow of Merton College, and was ordained; and in 1833 he was presented to the rectory of Lavington-with-Graffham in See also:Sussex by Mrs See also:Sargent, whose granddaughter See also:Caroline he married on the 7th of See also:November 1833, the ceremony being performed by the See also:bride's See also:brother-in-See also:law, See also:Samuel See also:Wilberforce, afterwards See also:bishop of Oxford and of See also:Winchester . Manning's married life was of brief duration . His See also:young and beautiful wife was of a consumptive family, and died childless (July 24, 1837) . The lasting sadness that thus See also:early overshadowed him tended to facilitate his See also:acceptance of the austere teaching of the Oxford Tracts; and though he was never an acknowledged See also:disciple of See also:Newman, it was due to the latter's See also:influence that from this date his See also:theology assumed an increasingly High See also:Church See also:character, and his printed See also:sermon on the " See also:Rule of Faith " was taken as a public profession of his See also:alliance with the Tractarians .

In 1838 he took a leading See also:

part in the Church See also:education See also:movement, by which diocesan boards were established throughout the See also:country; and he wrote an open See also:letter to his bishop in See also:criticism of the See also:recent See also:appointment of the ecclesiastical See also:commission . In See also:December of that year he paid his first visit to See also:Rome, and called on Dr See also:Wiseman in See also:company with W . E . Gladstone . In See also:January 1841 Shuttleworth, bishop of See also:Chichester, appointed him See also:archdeacon, whereupon he began a See also:personal visitation of each See also:parish within his See also:district, completing the task in 1843 . In 1842 he published a See also:treatise on The Unity of the Church, and his reputation as an eloquent and See also:earnest preacher being by this See also:time considerable, he was in the same year appointed select preacher by his university, thus being called upon to fill from time to time the See also:pulpit which Newman, as See also:vicar of St Mary's, was just ceasing to occupy . Four volumes of his sermons appeared between the years 1842 and 1850, and these had reached the 7th, 4th, 3rd and 2nd See also:editions respectively in 1850, but were not afterwards reprinted . In 1844 his portrait was painted by See also:Richmond, and the same year he published a See also:volume of university sermons, in which, however, was not included the one on the See also:Gunpowder See also:Plot This sermon had much annoyed Newman and his more advanced disciples, but it was a See also:proof that at that date Manning was loyal to the Church of England as See also:Protestant . Newman's See also:secession in 1845 placed Manning in a position of greater responsibility, as one of the High Church leaders, along with See also:Pusey and See also:Keble and Marriott; but it was with Gladstone and See also:James See also:Hope (after-wards Hope-See also:Scott) that he was at this time most closely associated . In the See also:spring of 1847 he was seriously See also:ill, and that autumn 1 See also:Purcell's assertion that the year of his See also:birth was 1807 rests on no trustworthy See also:evidence .. and the following See also:winter he spent abroad, chiefly in Rome, becoming a " See also:Monsignor," to be addressed as " Right See also:Reverend:" where he saw Newman " wearing the Oratorian See also:habit and dead He was now generally recognized as the able and effective See also:leader to the See also:world." He had public and private audiences with the of the Ultramontane party among English Roman Catholics, See also:pope on the 9th of See also:April and the 11th of May 1848, but recorded acting always, however, in subordination to Cardinal Wiseman; next to nothing in his See also:diary concerning them, though numerous and on the latter's See also:death (Feb . 15, x865) it was See also:felt that, if other entries show an eager interest in everything connected Manning should succeed to the vacant archbishopric, the See also:triumph with the Roman Church, and private papers also indicate that of See also:Ultramontanism would be secured .

Such a consummation he recognized at this time See also:

grave defects in the Church of England' not being desired by the See also:Westminster See also:chapter, they submitted and a mysterious attractiveness in Roman Catholicism, going to the pope three names, and Manning's was not one of them. so far as to question whether he might not one See also:day be a Roman See also:Great efforts were made to secure the See also:succession for the titular Catholic himself . Returning to England, he protested, but with See also:archbishop Errington, who at one time had been Wiseman's moderation, against the appointment of See also:Hampden as bishop of coadjutor with that right reserved to him, but who had been See also:Hereford, and continued to take an active part in the religious ousted from that position by the pope acting under Manning's education controversy . Through the influence of Samuel influence . In such circumstances See also:Pius IX. could hardly do Wilberforce, he was offered the post of sub-See also:almoner to See also:Queen otherwise than ignore Errington's nomination, as he also ignored See also:Victoria, always recognized as a stepping-See also:stone to the episcopal the nomination of See also:Clifford, bishop of See also:Clifton, and of See also:Grant, bishop See also:bench, and his refusal of it was honourably consonant with all of See also:Southwark; and, by what he humorously described as " the else in his career as an See also:Anglican dignitary, in which he See also:united See also:Lord's own coup d'etat," he appointed Manning to the archipastoral See also:diligence with an See also:asceticism that was then quite excep- episcopal see . Consecrated at the See also:pro-See also:cathedral at Moorfields tional . In 185o the decision of the privy See also:council, that the bishop (since destroyed) by Dr See also:Ullathorne, bishop of See also:Birmingham of See also:Exeter was See also:bound to See also:institute the Rev . G . C . Gorham to the (See also:June 8, 1865), and enthroned there (Nov . 6), after receiving the See also:benefice of Brampford See also:Speke in spite of the latter's acknowledged See also:pallium in Rome, Manning began his See also:work as archbishop by disbelief in the See also:doctrine of baptismal regeneration, brought to a devoting himself especially to the religious education of the poor crisis the position within the Church of England of those who and to the See also:establishment of Catholic See also:industrial and reformatory believed in that Church as a legitimate part of the infallible See also:schools . He steadily opposed whatever might encourage the See also:Ecclesia docens . Manning made it clear that he regarded the See also:admission of Catholics to the See also:national See also:universities, and so put See also:matter as vital, though he did not See also:act on this conviction until no his See also:foot down on Newman's project to open a See also:branch See also:house of the hope remained of the decision being set aside or practically an- See also:Oratory at Oxford with himself as See also:superior .

He made an unnulled by See also:

joint See also:action of the bishops . In July he addressed to successful and costly effort to establish a Catholic university at his bishop an open letter on " The Appellate See also:Jurisdiction of the See also:Kensington, and he also made See also:provision for a diocesan See also:seminary See also:Crown in Matters Spiritual," and he also took part in a See also:meeting of strictly ecclesiastical type . Jealous of the exclusive claims in See also:London which protested against the decision . In the autumn of the Roman Church, he procured a further condemnation at of this year (1850) was the great popular outcry against the Rome of the " Association for the Promotion of the Unity of "Papal aggression" (see WISEMAN), and Manning, feeling himself Christendom," which advocated prayers for the accomplishment unable to take part in this protest, resigned, early in December of a See also:kind of federal union between the Roman, See also:Greek and Anglihis benefice and his archdeaconry; and See also:writing to Hope-Scott, can Churches, and in a See also:pastoral letter he insisted on the heretical who a little later became a Roman Catholic with him, stated his See also:assumption implied in such an undertaking . He also worked for conviction that the alternative was " either Rome or See also:licence of the due recognition of the dignity of the See also:secular or pastoral See also:clergy, thought and will." He was received into the Roman Catholic whose position seemed to be threatened by the growing ascend-Church by Father Brownbill, S.J., at the church in See also:Farm See also:Street, ancy of the regulars, and especially of the See also:Jesuits, whom, as a on See also:Passion See also:Sunday, the 6th of April 1851 . On the following practically distinct organization within the Church, he steadily Sunday he was confirmed and received to communion by Cardinal opposed . In addition to his diocesan synods, he presided in Wiseman, who also, within ten See also:weeks of his reception, ordained 1873 over the See also:fourth provincial See also:synod of Westminster, which him See also:priest . Manning thereupon proceeded to Rome to pursue legislated on acatholic " universities, church See also:music, mixed See also:mar-his theological studies, residing at the college known as the riages, and the See also:order of a priest's See also:household, having previously " See also:Academy for See also:Noble Ecclesiastics," and attending lectures by taken part, as theologian, in the provincial synods of 1853 and' See also:Perrone and See also:Passaglia among others . The pope frequently 1859, with a See also:hand in the preparation of their decrees . But it received him in private See also:audience, and in 1854 conferred on him was chiefly through his strenuous advocacy of the policy of the degree of D.D . During his visits to England he was at the defining papal See also:infallibility at the Vatican council (1869–187o) disposal of Cardinal Wiseman, who through him, at the time of that Manning's name obtained world-wide renown . In this he the See also:Crimean See also:War, was enabled to obtain from the See also:government the was instant in See also:season and out of season .

Phoenix-squares

He brought to Rome a concession that for the future Roman Catholic See also:

army chaplains See also:petition in its favour from his chapter at Westminster, and during should not be regarded as part of the See also:staff of the Protestant the progress of the council he laboured incessantly to overcome See also:chaplain-See also:general . In 1857 the pope, proprio motu, appointed the opposition of the " inopportunists." And he never ceased him See also:provost (or head of the chapter) of Westminster, and the to regard it as one of the See also:chief privileges of his life that he had same year he took up his See also:residence in Bayswater as superior been able to take an active part in securing the See also:definition, and in of a community known as the " Oblates of St Charles," an associ- having heard with his own ears that doctrine proclaimed as a ation of secular priests on the same lines as the institute of the part of divine See also:revelation . In 1875 he published a reply to Oratory, but with this difference, that they are by their consti- Gladstone's attack on the Vatican decrees; and on the 15th of tution at the See also:beck and See also:call of the bishop in whose See also:diocese they See also:March in that year he was created cardinal, with the See also:title of live . The community was thus of the greatest service to Cardinal SS . See also:Andrew and See also:Gregory on the Coelian . He was See also:present at the „Wiseman, whose right-hand See also:man Manning thenceforward be- death of Pius IX . (Feb . 7, t878); and in the subsequent See also:con-came . During the eight years of his life at Bayswater he was clave, while some See also:Italian cardinals were prepared to See also:vote for his most active in all the duties of the priesthood, See also:preaching, See also:hearing See also:election to fill the vacant See also:chair, he himself supported Cardinal confessions, and receiving converts; and he was notably zealous Pecci, afterwards known as See also:Leo XIII . With him, however, to promote in England all that was specially Roman and papal, Manning found less sympathy than with his predecessor, though thus giving offence to old-fashioned Catholics, both clerical and Manning's advocacy of the claims of labour attracted Leo's See also:lay, many of whom were largely influenced by Gallican ideas, See also:attention, and influenced the encyclical which he issued on the and had with difficulty accepted the restoration of the See also:hierarchy subject . After the Vatican council, and more especially after the in 1850 . In x86o he delivered a course of lectures on the pope's death of Pius IX., Manning devoted his attention mainly to social temporal See also:power, at that date seriously threatened, and shortly questions, and with these his name was popularly associated afterwards he was appointed a papal domestic See also:prelate, thus during the last fifteen years of his life .

From 1872 onwards he was a strict teetotaller; not touching See also:

alcohol even as a See also:medicine, and there was some murmuring among his clergy that his teaching on this subject verged on See also:heresy . But his example and his zeal profoundly influenced for See also:good the Irish poor forming the See also:majority of his See also:flock; and the " See also:League of the See also:Cross " which he founded, and which held See also:annual demonstrations at the Crystal See also:Palace, numbered nearly 30,000 members in London alone in 1874 . He sat on two royal commissions, the one on the See also:housing of the working classes (1884), and the other on See also:primary education (1886); and in each See also:case the See also:report showed evident marks of his influence, which his fellow-commissioners recognized as that of a See also:wise and competent social reformer . In the cause of labour he was active for many years, and in 1872 he set an example to the clergy of all the churches by taking a prominent part in a meeting held in Exeter See also:Hall on behalf of the newly established Agri-cultural Labourers' Union, See also:Joseph See also:Arch and Charles See also:Bradlaugh being among those who sat with him on the See also:platform . In later years his strenuous advocacy of the claims of the working classes, and his See also:declaration that " every man has a right to work or to See also:bread " led to his being denounced as a Socialist . That he was such he denied more than once (See also:Lemire, Le Cardinal Manning et son action sociale, See also:Paris, 1893, p . 210), nor was he ever a Socialist in principle; but he favoured some of the methods of See also:Socialism, because they alone seemed to him practically to meet the case of that pressing poverty which appealed to his See also:heart . He took a leading part in the See also:settlement of the dockers' strike in the autumn of 1889, and his patient and effectual action on this and on similar occasions secured for him the esteem and See also:affection of great See also:numbers of working men, so that his death on the 14th of January 1892, and his funeral a See also:week later, were the occasion for a remarkable demonstration of popular veneration . The Roman Catholic Cathedral at Westminster is his joint memorial with his predecessor, Cardinal Wiseman . Whatever may have been the value of Manning's services to the Roman Catholic Church in England in bringing it, as he did, up to a high level of what in earlier years was commonly denounced as Ultramontanism, it is certain that by his social action, as well as by the earnestness and holiness of his life, he greatly advanced, in the minds of his countrymen generally, their estimate of the character and value of Catholicism . Pre-eminently he was a devout ecclesiastic, a " great priest "; and his sermons, both Anglican and Catholic, are marked by fervour and dignity, by a conviction of his own authoritative See also:mission as preacher, and by an eloquent insistence on considerations such as warm the heart and See also:bend the will rather than on such as force the See also:intellect to assent . But many of his instincts were those of a statesman, a diplomatist, a man of the world, even of a business man; and herein lay, at least in part, the See also:secret of his influence and success .

Intellectually he did not stand in the front See also:

rank . He was neither a philosopher nor a See also:literary See also:genius . Among his many publications, written, it is only See also:fair to admit, amidst the urgent pressure of See also:practical work, there is barely a See also:page or even a See also:sentence that bears the See also:stamp of See also:immortality . But within a somewhat narrower See also: